Chapter
Genetic and Molecular Regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary Development
Factors Involved in the Early Formation Of the pituitary
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 and the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway
Lim homeodomain transcription factors
Homeobox Embryonic Stem Cell 1 (HESX1)
Orthodentic Homeobox 2 (OTX2)
Factors Regulating Cellular Differentiation
Factors Involved in Hypothalamic Formation
Congenital Hypopituitarism and Associated Defects
Overlap Between Congenital Hypopituitarism and Midline Defects With Kallmann Syndrome
Conclusion and Future Directions
Chapter 2: Neuroendocrinology of Pregnancy and Parturition
The Hypothalamus-pituitary-target Gland Axes During Pregnancy
Activity of Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Maternal Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Fetal Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Activity of Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axes
Activity of the Other Neuroendocrine axes
Hypothalamus-prolactin axis
Hypothalamus-growth Hormone axis
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
The Placenta: A Neuroendocrine organ
Stress-related Hormones: Implications in Physiologic Pregnancy and Parturition and In obstetric Complications
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Family
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone
Placental Expression and Regulation
Physiologic Pregnancy and Parturition
Implications for Maternal/fetal Adverse Programming
Placental Expression and Regulation
Physiologic Pregnancy and Parturition
Implications for Maternal/fetal Adverse Programming
The Role of Stress in Maternal and Fetal Adverse Programming
Chapter 3: Disorders of Water Metabolism: Diabetes Insipidus and the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretio...
Integration of Thirst and Avp Secretion
Decreased Ecf Volume (hypovolemia)
Normal ECF Volume (euvolemia)
Increased ECF Volume (hypervolemia)
Currently Available Therapies for Treatment Of hyponatremia
Arginine Vasopressin Receptor (AVPR) Antagonists
Hyponatremia Treatment Guidelines
Monitoring the Serum [Na+] in Hyponatremic patients
Long-term Treatment of Chronic Hyponatremia
Chapter 4: The Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin In emotional and social behaviors
Positive Communication Between Couples
Oxytocin and Mirror Neurons
Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Autism Spectrum disorders
Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Eating Pathology
Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Depression And anxiety
Methodologic Issues in Oxytocin And vasopressin Research
CD38 and Abnormal Social and Emotional Behaviors
Chapter 5: Corticotropin-releasing Hormone and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis in Psychiatric Disease
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone and Basal Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Activity
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Functioning in Major Depression
The corticotropin-releasing Hormone System and Dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing Hormone Studies in Depression...
Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol In depression
Dexamethasone Suppression test
Adrenocorticotropin Stimulation test
Vasopressin in Depression
Early Life Stress, Depression, and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Monoamines, the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis, and the Effects Of antidepressants
The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis As a Target for Antidepressant Treatment: CRH1 Receptor Antagonists and C...
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor antagonists
Cortisol Synthesis Inhibitors
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Functioning in Bipolar Disorder
Dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing Hormone Test in Bipolar Disorder
Vasopressin in Bipolar Disorder
Monoamines in Bipolar Disorder
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Functioning In schizophrenia
Basal Cortisol in Schizophrenia
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in schizophrenia
Basal Measures of corticotropin-releasing Hormone and Adrenocorticotropin In schizophrenia
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Test in schizophrenia
Dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing Hormone Test in Schizophrenia
Effects of Psychological Stress on the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis In schizophrenia
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Functioning in Anxiety Disorders
Chapter 6: Genetic Aspects of Human Obesity
Obesity: a Heritable Disorder
The Critical Role of the Hypothalamus
Integration and Coordination of Peripheral signals
Congenital Leptin Deficiency
Leptin-receptor Deficiency
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Deficiency
Prohormone Converatse 1/3 (PC1/3) Deficiency
Melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) Deficiency
Therapies for Melanocortin Pathway disorders
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Obesity
Src Homology 2 B adapter Protein 1 (SH2B1) and Obesity
Single-minded 1 (SIM1) and Obesity
Melanocortin-2-receptor Accessory Protein 2 (MRAP2) and Obesity
Human Pleiotropic and ``syndromic´´ Obesity
New Technologies to Identify Genetic Components of Obesity
Genome-wide Association Studies
Chapter 7: Sleep Characteristics and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Sleep Physiology and Glucose Homeostasis
Sleep Deprivation and Insulin Resistance
Experimental Studies on the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Glucose Metabolism
Epidemiologic Studies on the Association Between Sleep Duration and Glucose Metabolism
Sleep Disorders and Insulin Resistance
Population-based Studies on Sleep Disorders and Insulin Resistance
Intervention Studies Assessing Sleep Quality and Insulin Sensitivity
Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Dysregulation, and Sleep Disorders
Potential Mechanisms Linking Impaired Sleep and Insulin Resistance
Future Research Suggestions
Chapter 8: Hypothalamic-pituitary Hormones During Critical Illness: A dynamic Neuroendocrine Response
The Thyroid Axis in Acute Critical Illness
The Thyroid Axis During Prolonged Critical illness
The Somatotropic Axis in Acute Critical Illness
The Somatotropic Axis During Prolonged Critical Illness
The Gonadal Axis in Acute Critical Illness
The Gonadal Axis During Prolonged Critical illness
The Lactotropic Axis in Acute Critical Illness
The Lactotropic Axis During Prolonged Critical illness
The Adrenal Axis in Acute Critical Illness
The Adrenal Axis During Prolonged Critical illness
Chapter 9: Central Regulation of the Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (Hpt) Axis: Focus on Clinical Aspects
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
The Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Neuron
Pulsatility and Diurnal Rhythm
Neural Connections of Hypothalamic Nuclei With Adipose Tissue And liver
Central Hypothyroidism in Neonates And children
Central Hypothyroidism in Adults
Section 2: Disorders of the Pituitary Gland
Chapter 10: Evaluation of Pituitary Function
Reasons for Undertaking Pituitary Investigations
Approach to the Patient In pituitary Clinic
Principles of Pituitary Assessment
Basal Pituitary Blood tests
Evaluation of the pituitary-adrenal axis
Cortisol Production in Health
Measurement of Serum Cortisol
Low-dose Short Synacthen test
Glucagon Stimulation test
Evaluation of the pituitary-thyroid axis
Evaluation of the pituitary-gonadal axis
Growth Hormone Deficiency In adults
Glucagon Stimulation test
Arginine Stimulation test
Antidiuretic Hormone Deficiency: Diabetes Insipidus
Chapter 11: Imaging of Pituitary Pathology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging of Pituitary Adenomas
Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Monitoring of Effects of Other Treatment
Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's Cleft cyst
Suprasellar and Parasellar Meningiomas
Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas Of the clivus
Other Intrasellar Lesions
Other Suprasellar Lesions
Chapter 12: Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors
The Asymptomatic, Incidental, Clinically Nonfunctioning Adenoma (pituitary Incidentaloma)
CT and MRI Scans in Normal Individuals
Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Asymptomatic Incidental mass
Natural History and follow-up of Incidental Clinically Nonfunctioning Adenomas
Management of Incidental Clinically Nonfunctioning Adenomas
Symptomatic Clinically Nonfunctioning Adenomas
Management of the Symptomatic Patient
Chapter 13: Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinoma
Causes of Hyperprolactinemia
Clinical Features Of hyperprolactinemia
Laboratory Assessment Of hyperprolactinemia
Dynamic Tests of Prolactin Secretion
Radiologic Diagnosis Of prolactinomas
Prevalence Rates Of prolactinomas
Treatment Of hyperprolactinemia And prolactinoma
Normalization of Prolactin Levels
Reduction of Prolactinoma size
Dopamine agonist-resistant Prolactinomas
Symptomatic Patients With Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia
Effects of Dopamine Agonists on Fetal Development and Pregnancy Outcome
Effects of Pregnancy on Prolactinoma size
Drug-induced Hyperprolactinemia
Adverse Effects of Dopamine Agonists
Withdrawal of Dopamine Agonist Treatment
Acromegaly Related to a Pituitary tumor
Somatotroph Pituitary Adenomas
Growth hormone-secreting Carcinomas
Genetic Syndromes Associated With Acromegaly
Extrapituitary Acromegaly
Rheumatologic Complications
Cardiovascular Manifestations
Respiratory Complications
Which Growth Hormone Cutoff to Use For diagnosis?
Difficult and Borderline Clinical Situations
Tumoral and Functional Pituitary Assessment
Surgery is Generally the first-line Treatment
Current Therapeutic Strategy
Chapter 15: Cushing´s Disease
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Management of Recurrent Cushing's Disease
Chapter 16: Craniopharyngioma
Epidemiology and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations At the time of Diagnosis
Neurosurgery: Strategies and Effects
Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy: CyberKnife
Intracavitary β Irradiation
Instillation of Sclerosing Substances For cystic recurrent Tumors
Neurologic and Visual Outcomes
Obesity and Eating Disorders
Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure
Autonomous Nervous System
Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypothalamic Obesity
Bariatric Treatment of Hypothalamic Obesity
Quality of Life, Neurocognitive Outcome, And psychosocial Functioning
Survival and Late Mortality
Cerebrovascular Morbidity
Second Malignant Neoplasms
Adult-onset Craniopharyngioma
Questions and Treatment Perspectives
Surgical Treatment Strategies: Degree Of resection
Controversy Over Time Point of Irradiation
Risk-adapted Strategies/treatment Algorithms for Craniopharyngioma
Chapter 17: Rathke´s Cleft cyst
Formation of Rathke's Pouch and Pituitary Organogenesis
Pathogenesis of Rathke's Cleft Cyst and Other Cystic Sellar Lesions
Presenting Manifestations
Other Presenting Manifestations
Location and Imaging Features
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 18: Alternative Causes of Hypopituitarism: Traumatic Brain Injury, Cranial Irradiation, and Infections
Historical Background of Hypopituitarism After Traumatic Brain Injury
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After Traumatic brain Injury
Predictors of Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury
Modern Military Operations: blast-related Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children And adolescents
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Of neuroendocrine Dysfunction Due to traumatic Brain Injury
Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After Brain Injury
Cognitive Impairments After Traumatic Brain injury
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After Cranial Irradiation
Diagnosis of Impaired Growth Hormone Secretion After Cranial Irradiation
Abnormalities in Other Pituitary Hormones
Infections in the Hypothalamic-pituitary Region
Sources of Infections Spreading to the Hypothalamic-pituitary Region
Predisposing Factors for Pituitary Infections
Clinical Features of Pituitary Infections
Nonspecific Inflammation of the Cavernous Sinus: the Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
Hypothalamic-pituitary Tuberculosis
Viral Infections Affecting the Hypothalmus And/or Pituitary
Parasites in the Pituitary: Toxoplasma Gondii
Chapter 19: Surgical Approach to Pituitary Tumors
Transsphenoidal Approaches
Microsurgical Transsphenoidal Approaches
Microsurgical Transnasal Transseptal Transsphenoidal Approach
Microsurgical Sublabial Transseptal Transsphenoidal Approach
Microsurgical Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach
Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach
Chapter 20: Medical Approach to Pituitary Tumors
Side-effects of Medical Treatment
Withdrawal of Dopamine Agonists
Combination Therapy With Pegvisomant and Somatostatin Analogs
Quality of Life Aspects of Combination Therapy
Side-effects of Medical Treatment
Thyrotropin-secrecting Adenoma
Chapter 21: Radiation Therapy in the Management of Pituitary Adenomas
Background on Fractionated Radiation Therapy and single-fraction Radiosurgery
Deciding Between Fractionated Radiotherapy and single-fraction Radiosurgery
Radiation Treatment Planning
Clinical Outcomes of Radiation Therapy in Pituitary Adenomas
Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting Adenomas
Growth hormone-secreting Adenomas
Thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting Adenomas
Sequelae After Radiation Therapy
Section 3: Controversial Issues and Hot Topics
Chapter 22: Nelson Syndrome: Definition and Management
Effective Diagnosis of Nelson Syndrome
Clinical, Biochemical, and Radiologic Features
Predictive Factors for the Onset and Progression of Nelson Syndrome
Residual Pituitary Tumor Shown on Imaging Prior to Total Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Levels In the first Postoperative year
Administration of Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy post-total Bilateral Adrenalectomy Surgery
Duration of Cushing's Disease Prior to Total Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Residual Adrenal Remnant After Total Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Insufficient Exogenous Steroid Replacement Therapy post-total Bilateral Adrenalectomy Surgery
Lack of Cortisol Suppression on high-dose Dexamethasone Pre-total Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Pathophysiology of Nelson Syndrome
Pathologic Features of Corticotropinomas in Nelson Syndrome
Effective Management of Nelson syndrome
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Selective Somatostatin Analogs
Peroxisome proliferator-activated Receptor γ agonists
Chapter 23: Familial Pituitary Tumors
Pituitary Adenomas of Genetic Origin
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) OMIM #131100
Clinical Features Of MEN1
Genetics of MEN1 Syndrome
Management of Pituitary Disease In MEN1
Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma (FIPA): Related OMIM Entries: Pituitary Adenoma, Growth hormone-secreting #102200 and ...
Clinical Features Of FIPA
Management of Pituitary Disease In FIPA
Carney Complex Syndrome (CNC): Related OMIM Entries: CNC1 #160980, PRKAR1A 188830
Management of Pituitary Disease In CNC
McCune-Albright Syndrome: OMIM 174800
Clinical Features of McCune-Albright Syndrome
Genetics of McCune-Albright Syndrome
Management of Pituitary Disease In McCune-Albright Syndrome
Familial Hyperprolactinemia
Chapter 24: Long-term Effects of Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas
Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: the Historical Perspective
Hypopituitarism and Mortality
Cardiovascular Morbidity And pituitary Disease
Failure to Mimic Physiologic Hormone Secretion With Substitution
Cognitive Function And psychopathology
Acromegalic Arthropathy As a model for disease-specific Persistent Morbidity
Implications for Treatment And follow-up
Chapter 25: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Athletes
Neuroendocrine Alterations In athletes
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Spectrum of Menstrual Function in the Female Athlete
Luteinizing Hormone and follicle-stimulating Hormone Secretion in Female Athletes
Pulsatility Patterns of Luteinizing Hormone and follicle-stimulating Hormone in Athletes
Determinants of Altered Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility in Athletes
Kisspeptin in Athletes and Nonathletes
Prolactin and Oxytocin in Athletes And nonathletes
Appetite Regulating and Gut Peptides That May regulate Energy Homeostasis and Impact The hypothalamic-pituitary-go...
Reproductive Function in Male Athletes
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Growth Hormone-insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) axis
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Impact on Bone Metabolism of Athletic Activity and Associated Neuroendocrine Changes
Areal Bone Density in Athletes
Impact of Physical Activity and the Nature Of the sport
Impact of Energy Deficiency And/or Hypogonadism
Modifying Effect of the Nature of Impact
Bone Turnover in Athletes
Determinants of Bone Density in Athletes
Limitations of Areal Bone Density Assessment
Bone Microarchitecture, Volumetric Bone Density, and Estimates of Bone Strength In athletes
Cortical and Trabecular Microarchitectural Changes
Estimated Bone Strength and Fractures
Determinants of Bone Structure, Microarchitecture, Volumetric Bone Density, And estimated Strength
Strategies to Optimize Bone Health in Athletes
Impact on Neurocognitive Function
Chapter 26: Uncertainties in Endocrine Substitution Therapy For central hypocortisolism
Clinical Assessment For hypocortisolism
Dynamic Tests of Hypocortisolism
Standard Treatments for Hypocortisolism
What is the Optimal agent?
Total Daily Glucocorticoid Dosing
Multiple Daily Dosing and Monitoring Of glucocorticoid Replacement
Modified-release Hydrocortisone
Future Glucocorticoid Treatments
Chapter 27: Uncertainties in Endocrine Substitution Therapy for Central Endocrine Insufficiencies: Hypothyroidism
Facts and Uncertainties in Central Hypothyroidism Diagnosis
Inheritable Central Hypothyroidism
Acquired Forms of Central Hypothyroidism
Facts and Uncertainties in Central Hypothyroidism Replacement Therapy
Novel Perspectives for Therapy of Central Hypothyroidism
Chapter 28: Uncertainties in Endocrine Substitution Therapy for Central Endocrine Insufficiencies: Growth Hormone Deficiency...
Patients With Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency (e.g., Caused By Treatment With Prophylactic Cranial Radiotherapy for Lympho..
Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Bone Health After Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Patients With Growth Hormone Deficiency and Multiple Hormone Deficiencies Caused By Nonsecreting Pituitary Macroadenomas Treat.
Cardiovascular Risk in Hypopituitary Patients With Nonsecreting Pituitary Macroadenomas
Bone Health in Patients With Growth Hormone Deficiency Due to Pituitary Macroadenomas
Patients With Growth Hormone Deficiency and Multiple Hormone Deficiencies and With Hypothalamic Involvement Caused By a Cranio.
Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With A craniopharyngioma
Hypothalamic Damage and Obesity In craniopharyngioma Patients
Bone Health in Craniopharyngioma Patients
General Uncertainties of Growth Hormone Therapy
Chapter 29: Autoimmune Hypophysitis: New Developments
IGG4-Related Hypophysitis
Anti-PIT-1 Antibody Syndrome
Autoimmunity and Metabolic Disease
Clinical Neuroendocrinology
( Volume 124 )
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