Chapter
2.5 - Structural controllability in the CVD synthesis of SWCNTs
2.6 - Summary and outlook
Chapter 3 - Differentiation of Carbon Nanotubes with Different Chirality
3.1 - Introduction and brief history of differentiation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with different electroni...
3.2 - Differentiation of densities of SWCNTs with different chiralities
3.2.1 - Typical procedure to sort metallic and semiconducting types of SWCNTs by DGU
3.2.2 - Sorting mechanisms in DGU
3.2.2.1 - The types of surfactants used for dispersion and separation
3.2.2.2 - The type of gradient medium and the temperature
3.3 - Differentiation of SWCNTs with different chiralities through size exclusion chromatography or gel filtration
3.3.1 - Typical procedure to extract single-chiral state (6, 5) SWCNTs by the gel filtration method
3.3.2 - Sorting mechanisms in gel chromatography/filtration
3.3.2.1 - Type and concentration of surfactant
3.3.2.2 - Type of filler and temperature
Chapter 4 - Preparation of Graphene with Large Area
4.2 - Graphene growth on metal substrates by CVD
4.2.1 - Process parameters
4.2.1.1 - The kinetics of the graphene growth process with respect to the process parameters
4.2.1.2 - The nucleation of graphene with respect to the process parameters
4.2.1.3 - The role of hydrogen in the graphene growth
4.2.2 - Substrate material
4.2.2.2 - Nickel and other metals
4.2.2.3 - Non-metallic substrates
4.3 - Toward the large domain size
4.4 - Bilayer graphene (BLG) growth
4.5.1 - Choice of the protective layer
4.5.2 - The effect of target substrates on graphene quality
4.5.3 - Direct transfer of graphene onto target substrates
4.5.4 - Non-destructive exfoliation transfer process
Chapter 5 - Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
5.2 - Exciton energy calculation
5.2.1 - Many-body effect in an exciton
5.2.2 - Dark and bright exciton states
5.2.3 - Bethe–Salpeter equation
5.3 - The calculated exciton energies
5.3.1 - The exciton Kataura plot
5.4 - Exciton environmental effect
5.5 - Exciton effect in Raman spectroscopy
5.5.1 - (n,m) assignment from resonance Raman spectra
5.5.2 - Exciton–exciton interaction and electronic Raman spectra
Chapter 6 - Phonon Structures and Raman Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
6.2 - The Raman process with particular emphasis on sp2 carbon phases
6.2.1 - Quantum mechanics of Raman scattering
6.2.2 - Double resonance Raman scattering
6.2.3 - Calculation of scattering cross sections
6.2.4 - Raman instrumentation
6.3 - Phonons in SWCNTs and graphene
6.3.1 - Phonons in graphene
6.3.2 - Phonons in SWCNTs
6.3.3 - Approximate relations for phonon frequencies
6.4 - Raman scattering from SWCNT
6.4.1 - The radial breathing mode
6.4.2 - Raman scattering from D line and 2D line
6.4.3 - Raman scattering from G mode
6.5 - Raman scattering of SWCNT functionalized by filling
6.5.1 - Raman scattering from peapods
6.5.2 - Raman scattering from double-walled carbon nanotubes
6.5.3 - Raman scattering from tubes with ultrahigh curvature
6.6 - Special Raman experiments
6.6.1 - Effects of temperature, pressure and atomic substitution
6.6.2 - Special Raman lines
6.6.3 - Tip-enhanced Raman scattering
6.6.4 - Electronic Raman scattering
6.6.5 - Orientation-dependent Raman scattering
6.6.6 - Raman scattering from semiconductor-metal separated tubes
6.7 - Raman scattering from graphene
6.7.1 - Graphene and few-layer graphene
6.7.2 - Special Raman experiments with graphene: electronic Raman scattering and edge state scattering
6.8 - Second-order Raman spectra and combination modes in SWCNTs and graphene
6.8.1 - Intermediate frequency modes, M lines, iTOLA line and overtone lines in CNT
6.8.2 - Raman scattering from combination modes in graphene
Chapter 7 - Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
7.1 - Conduction properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes
7.1.1 - Conduction properties of graphene
7.1.1.1 - Electrical doping and ambipolar transport in graphene
7.1.1.2 - Mobility in graphene
7.1.2 - Conduction properties of carbon nanotubes
7.2 - Electronic devices based on graphene and carbon nanotubes
7.2.1 - Field-effect transistors based on graphene
7.2.2 - Field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes
Chapter 8 - Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
8.2.2 - Beyond the elastic regime
8.3 - Computer modelling and experimental approaches
8.3.1 - Computational modelling approaches
8.3.1.1 - Quantum mechanics
8.3.1.2 - Atomistic modelling
8.3.1.3 - Continuum modelling
8.3.2 - Experimental approaches
8.4 - Mechanical property data summary
Chapter 9 - Organometallic Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
9.2 - Reactions of carbon nanotubes and graphene
9.2.1 - Destructive hybridization: covalent bond formation involving the creation of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in the gra...
9.2.2 - Constructive hybridization: metal complexation
9.3 - Organometallic chemistry of carbon nanotubes and graphene
9.3.1 - Reactivity and bonding in organometallic complexes
9.3.2 - General approach to synthesis of organometallic complexes
9.4 - Organometallic chemistry of carbon nanotubes
9.4.1 - Bihapto (η2-)–transition metal complexes of pristine SWCNTs
9.4.2 - Mono-hexahapto (η6)–transition metal complexes of SWCNTs via the solution chemistry approach
9.4.3 - Bis-hexahapto (η6)–transition metal complexes of SWCNTs via metal vapour synthesis
9.4.3.1 - Transport Properties of SWCNT Thin Films: Atomic Contacts and Interconnects via the Formation of Bis-Hexahapto–Me...
9.4.4 - Coordination chemistry of oxidized SWCNTs side chains
9.5 - Organometallic chemistry of graphene
9.5.1 - Comparison of the hexahapto complexation ability of fullerenes and graphene
9.5.2 - Synthesis of organometallic complexes of graphene
9.5.3 - Characterization of the organometallic complexes of graphene
9.5.4 - Decomplexation reactions of organometallic complexes of graphene
9.6 - Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 10 - Preparation and Properties of Carbon Nanopeapods
10.2 - High-yield synthesis of carbon nanopeapods
10.3 - Packing alignment of the molecules in SWCNTs
10.4 - Electronic properties of nanopeapods
10.4.1 - C60 encapsulation effects on electronic structures of semiconducting SWCNTs
10.4.2 - C60 encapsulation effects on electronic structures of metallic SWCNTs
10.4.3 - C70 encapsulation effects on electronic structures of semiconducting SWCNTs
10.4.4 - Bandgap modulation in fullerene nanopeapods at nanometer scale
10.4.5 - Valence states of encapsulated atoms in metallofullerene nanopeapods
10.5 - Phonon properties of nanopeapods
10.5.1 - Radial breathing modes (RBMs)
10.6 - Transport properties of nanopeapods
10.7 - Nanopeapod as a sample cell at nanometer scale
Chapter 11 - Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Spin Electronics
11.1.1 - Tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR)
11.1.2 - Giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
11.1.2.1 - Current in Plane (CIP) GMR
11.1.2.2 - Current Perpendicular to Plane (CPP) GMR
11.1.3 - Tunnelling or spin injection?
11.1.4 - Fundamental obstacles for spin injection, spin detection and spin manipulation
11.1.4.1 - Conductivity Mismatch
11.1.4.2 - Spurious Effects
11.1.4.3 - Spin Relaxation
11.2 - Nano-carbon as non-magnetic materials for spintronics
11.2.1 - Carbon nanotube (CNT) devices
11.2.1.1 - Difficulties in CNT-Based SV Devices
11.2.1.2 - Pure Spin Current and Its Detection Using Non-Local Geometry
11.2.1.3 - Summary for CNT-Based Spintronic Devices
11.2.2 - Graphene devices
11.2.2.1 - Graphene as a Spin Transporter
11.2.2.2 - Graphene as a Tunnel Barrier
Chapter 12 - Biological Application of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
12.2 - Biological application of CNTs
12.2.1 - Synthesis of CNTs
12.2.2 - Functionalization of CNTs
12.2.3 - CNT-based biosensors
12.2.3.1 - Electrical Biosensors
12.2.3.2 - Electrochemical biosensors
12.2.4 - CNTs as diagnostic and imaging tools
12.2.4.2 - Photoluminescence
12.2.4.3 - Other Imaging Tools
12.2.5 - CNTs as therapeutic drug delivery systems
12.2.6 - CNTs for anti-cancer applications
12.2.7 - CNTs for hard tissue engineering
12.2.8 - CNTs for neuron prosthesis
12.3 - Graphene-based biological applications
12.3.1 - Synthesis of graphene and related materials
12.3.1.1 - Mechanical Exfoliation
12.3.1.2 - Chemical Synthesis
12.3.1.3 - Chemical Vapour Deposition
12.3.1.4 - Vertical Graphene Nanosheets
12.3.2 - Graphene-based biosensors
12.3.3 - Graphene-based other biological applications
12.3.3.2 - Therapeutic Drug Delivery
12.3.3.3 - Tissue Engineering
12.4 - Summary and outlook
Chapter 13 - Characteristics and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes with Different Numbers of Walls
13.2 - Structure and properties of individual CNTs
13.2.1 - Electronic properties
13.2.2 - Mechanical properties
13.2.3 - Thermal properties
13.2.4 - Optical properties
13.2.5 - Superconductivity
13.3 - Tube-to-tube interactions
13.4 - Applications of CNTs
13.4.2 - Mechanical applications
13.4.3 - Thermal applications
13.4.4 - Photonic and optoelectronic devices
13.4.5 - Field-emission devices
13.4.6 - Electronic devices
13.4.7 - Sensors and probes
13.4.8 - Electrochemical devices
13.5 - Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 14 - Graphene Oxide: Some New Insights into an Old Material
14.2 - Synthesis of GO: a fire hazard, or a flame retardant?
14.2.1 - Thermal instability of GO
14.2.2 - The flame-retardant property of GO and r-GO composites
14.2.3 - What makes GO flammable?
14.2.4 - Purification of GO
14.2.5 - Photothermal reduction of GO
14.3 - Characterization of GO: imaging graphene-based sheets
14.3.1 - Common imaging techniques for GBS
14.3.2 - Fluorescence quenching microscopy
14.3.3 - New opportunities created by FQM
14.4 - New solution properties of GO: surfactant sheets
14.4.1 - GO as an unconventional soft material
14.4.2 - Interfacial activity of GO
14.4.3 - Novel surfactant properties of GO
14.4.4 - Interfacial assembly of GO sheets
14.4.5 - GO as 2D surfactant and dispersing agent
14.5 - Water processable GO–SWCNTs interlayers for organic solar cells
14.6 - Towards solution processed all-carbon solar cells
14.7 - Aggregation-resistant crumpled graphene balls
14.8 - GO-based nanofluidic ionic conductors
Chapter 15 - Graphene Nanoribbon and Nanographene
15.2 - Graphene nanoribbon
15.2.2 - Polyphenanthrene (PPh)
15.2.3 - Oligoacene and oligophenanthrene
15.2.4 - Other graphene nanoribbons
Chapter 16 - Application of Functional Hybrids Incorporating Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene
16.2 - Synthesis of nanocarbon hybrids
16.3.1 - Ex-situ hybridization of pristine nanocarbons
16.3.2 - Ex-situ hybridization of oxidized nanocarbons
16.4.1 - In-situ polymerization
16.4.2 - Chemical oxidation/reduction processes
16.4.3 - Sol–gel processes
16.4.4 - Gas-phase deposition
16.5 - Comparison of techniques
16.6 - Application of nanocarbon hybrids
16.6.1.1 - Heterogeneous Catalysis
16.6.1.2 - Electrocatalysis
16.6.1.3 - Photocatalysis
16.6.2.1 - Supercapacitors
16.6.2.2 - Li-Ion Batteries
16.6.3.1 - Transparent Conducting and Counter Electrodes
16.6.3.2 - Photoactive and Charge Separation Material
16.6.4.1 - Electronic Sensors
16.6.4.2 - Electrochemical Sensors
16.6.5 - Other applications
16.6.5.1 - Memory-Switching Devices
16.6.5.2 - Field Emission
16.7 - Conclusions and future outlook
Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
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