Chapter
1.3. Historical Soil and Ground Improvement
Chapter 2: Ground Improvement Techniques and Applications
2.1. Categories of Ground Improvement
2.2. Typical/Common Ground Improvement Objectives
2.3. Factors Affecting Choice of Improvement Method
2.5. Emerging Trends and Promising Technologies
Chapter 3: Soil Mechanics Basics, Field Investigations, and Preliminary Ground Modification Design
3.1. Soil Mechanics Fundamentals Overview
3.1.1. Soil Type and Classification
3.1.1.1. Soil Classification Systems
3.1.1.2. Grain Sizes and Grain Size Distributions
3.1.1.3. Plasticity and Soil Structure
3.1.1.4. Unified Soil Classification System
3.1.2. Principal Design Parameters
3.2. Site Investigations, Data, and Reports
3.2.1. Desk Study and Site Visit
3.2.2. Subsurface Exploration and Borings
3.2.4. Sampling and Laboratory Testing
3.2.5. Typical Geotechnical Soils Report
3.3. Preliminary Modification Design Evaluation
Section II: Soil Densification
Chapter 4: Objectives and Improvements from Soil Densification
4.1. Overview of Soil Densification
4.1.1. Shallow vs. Deep Densification
4.1.2. Processes and Equipment
4.2. Engineering Improvement Objectives
4.2.1. Bearing Capacity, Strength, and Stiffness
4.2.2. Compressibility and Settlement
4.2.3. Permeability and Seepage
4.2.4. Volume Stability (Shrinking and Swelling)
4.2.5. Liquefaction Phenomenon and Mitigation
Chapter 5: Shallow Compaction
5.1. Methods of Shallow Compaction
5.2. Principles of Compaction/Compaction Theory
5.2.1.1. Presentation of Laboratory Compaction Test Results
5.2.2. Compaction of Different Soil Types
5.3. Shallow Field Compaction Equipment
5.4. Properties of Compacted Soils
5.5. Field Compaction and Specifications
5.5.1. Field Compaction Variables
5.5.1.2. Weight and Number of Passes
5.5.1.3. Type of Compactor and Compaction Method
5.5.1.5. Uniformity of Source Material
5.5.2. Shallow Compaction Specifications
5.5.2.1. Density Requirements
5.5.2.3. Cohesionless Soils
5.6. Compaction Control/Field Inspection
5.6.1. Compaction Control Tests
5.6.1.1. Density Control Tests
5.6.1.3. Moisture Control Tests
5.6.1.5. Accept/Reject Criteria
5.6.1.6. Performance Tests
Chapter 6: Deep Densification
6.1. Deep Densification Applications and Techniques
6.1.2. Vibrodensification
6.1.2.1. Vibrodensification Equipment
6.1.2.2. Construction Methods
6.1.2.3. Compacted Aggregate Piers
6.1.3. Dynamic Compaction
6.1.4. Rapid Impact Compaction
6.1.5. Compaction Grouting
6.1.6. Consolidation Methods
6.2. Deep Densification QC, Monitoring, and Specifications
6.2.1. Field Control for Deep Densification
6.2.1.1. Onboard Monitoring for Vibratory Densification
6.2.1.2. Displacement/Volumetric Measurements
6.2.1.5. Geophysical Measurements
6.2.2. Specifications for Deep Densification
6.2.2.1. Accept/Reject Criteria
Section III: Hydraulic Modification
Chapter 7: Objectives and Approaches to Hydraulic Modification
7.1. Fundamental Objectives and Improvements
7.1.1. Adverse Effects of Dewatering
7.1.2. Common Drainage Applications
7.1.2.1. Construction Dewatering
7.1.2.2. Permanent Drainage
7.1.2.3. Stabilization of Slopes, Retaining Walls, and Excavations
7.1.2.4. Forced Consolidation
7.1.2.5. Liquefaction Mitigation
7.1.2.6. Controlling Seepage and Exit Gradients
7.1.2.8. Roadways and Pavements
7.1.3. Common Retention Applications
7.2.1. Types of Dewatering Systems
7.2.2. Horizontal Drainage and Gravity Drains
7.2.3. Shallow Well, Sump Pumping, and Wellpoints
7.3. Well Hydraulics and Dewatering Design
7.4. Drainage Capacity, Permeability, and Tests
7.4.1. Groundwater Flow Terminology
7.5. Slope Stabilization by Dewatering/Drainage
7.5.2. Subsurface Drainage
7.5.2.1. Drainage Blankets
7.5.2.4. Relief Wells and Drainage Wells
7.5.2.5. Horizontal Drains
7.5.2.6. Drainage Tunnels (Galleries)
7.5.2.7. Vacuum Dewatering, Siphoning, and Electroosmosis
7.6. Filtering and Seepage Control
7.7. Membrane Encapsulation
7.8. Altering Soil/Ground Hydraulic Properties
Chapter 8: Geosynthetics for Filtration Drainage, and Seepage Control
8.1. Geotextiles for Filtration and Drainage
8.1.1. Filtering and Geosynthetic Filtering Criteria
8.1.1.1. Geotextile Filter Applications
8.2. Geonets, Geocomposites, and Micro Siphon Drains
8.3. Geosynthetic Hydraulic Barriers
8.3.1. Geomembrane Seepage Barriers
8.3.2. Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Chapter 9: Preconsolidation
9.1. Preconsolidation Concepts and Methodologies
9.2. Use of Vertical Drains
9.3. Vacuum-Assisted Consolidation
9.4. Instrumentation and Performance Monitoring
Chapter 10: Electro-Osmosis (Electrokinetic Dewatering)
10.1. Principles of Electro-Osmosis
10.2. Applications/Improvements
10.2.2. Electrostabilization/Electrohardening
10.2.4. Pile Driving and Capacity Enhancement
10.2.5. Contaminant Retrieval
Section IV: Physical and Chemical Modification
Chapter 11: Admixture Soil Improvement
11.1. Introduction to Admixture Soil Improvement
11.1.1. Benefits of Admixture Soil Improvement
11.2. Admixture Materials
11.2.1. Natural Soil Admixtures
11.2.2.1. Lime and Clay Mineralogy
11.2.2.1.1. Clay Mineralogy
11.2.2.2. Soil-Lime Reactions
11.2.2.2.1. Concerns of Using Lime and Cement Stabilization
11.2.3. Fly Ash and Furnace Slag
11.2.4. Salts, Chlorides, and Silicates
11.2.5. Bituminous Admixtures (Asphalts, Bitumen, and Tar)
11.2.5.2. Typical Problems with Asphalt Stabilized Soils
11.2.6. Polymers and Resins
11.2.6.1. Ecoalternatives
11.2.8. Combined Materials
11.2.9. Other Recycled Materials
11.3. Application Methods and Mixing
11.3.1.1. Admixtures in Roadway (Pavement) Designs
11.3.1.1.1. Recycled Roadway Materials
11.3.2. Layering (Surface Placement) and Quicklime Piles
11.3.3.1. Cutoffs and Slurry Walls
11.3.3.2. Deep Mixing Case Study-New Orleans Levee LPV111
11.3.4. Mix Design Procedures
11.3.4.1. Laboratory Testing
11.4. Stabilization of Wastes and Contaminated Soils
Appendix. Example Specification Guide for Soil Mixing with Admixtures
A.1.1. Reference Standards
A.1.2. Abbreviations and Definitions
A.2.1. Qualifications of Contractor
A.5.2. Grout Mixing Plant
A.5.3. In situ Sampling Tool
A.6.5. Soil Mixing and Penetration
A.7. Clean-up and Treatment for Top SM Construction
A.8.1. SM Area Continuity and Depth
A.8.4. Soil Mixed Materials
A.9. Measurement and Payment
Chapter 12: Ground Modification by Grouting
12.1. Fundamental Concepts, Objectives, and History
12.1.1. Improvement Objectives
12.2. Grout Materials and Properties
12.2.1. General Description and Properties
12.3. Techniques, Technology, and Control
12.3.1. Types/Methods of Grouting
12.3.2. Grouting Technology and Control
12.3.2.1. Injection Pressure
12.3.3. Grouting Equipment
12.3.3.1. Batch and Pumping Systems
12.4. Applications of Grouting
12.4.1. Water Cutoff/Seepage Control
12.4.1.2. Horizontal Seepage Barriers
12.4.3. Ground Strengthening, Displacement, and Void Filling
12.4.3.2. Sinkhole Remediation
12.4.4. Other Grouting Applications
12.4.4.1. Grouted Anchors, Nails, and Micropiles
12.4.4.2. Pile Installation Assistance
12.4.4.3. Pressure Grouted Piles
Chapter 13: Thermal Treatments
13.1. Types of Thermal Treatments
13.2. Heat Capacity of Soils
13.3. Heat Treatment of Soils
13.3.1. Improvements and Applications of Ground Heating
13.4.1. Improvements and Applications of Ground Freezing
13.4.2. Ground Freezing Techniques
13.4.3. Example Case Studies of Ground Freezing
13.4.3.1. Shafts and Tunnels
13.4.3.4. Containment of Hazardous Contaminants
Section V: Modification with Inclusions and Confinement
Chapter 14: Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil
14.1. History, Fundamentals, and Materials for Soil Reinforcement
14.1.1. History of Soil Reinforcement
14.1.2. Soil Reinforcement Materials
14.1.3. Soil Reinforcement Fundamentals
14.2. MSE Walls and Slopes
14.2.1. Geosynthetic Reinforced Wall and Slope Basics
14.2.2. Failure Design Modes
14.2.3. Reinforcement Design for MSE Walls
14.2.4. Reinforcement Design for Reinforced Soil Slopes
14.3. Other Geosynthetic Reinforcement Applications
14.3.1. Reinforced Foundation Soils
14.3.2. Support of Load-Bearing Foundations
14.3.3. Roadway Applications
14.3.4. Reinforcement for Erosion Control
Relevant ASTM Specifications
Chapter 15: In Situ Reinforcement
15.1. Types, Installations, Applications
15.2.1. Capacity Estimates
15.2.3. Other Considerations
15.2.4. Testing and Monitoring
15.3. Helical Anchors and Piles
15.4. Other In Situ Reinforcement
Chapter 16: Soil Confinement
16.1. Concepts and History
16.2. Soldier Piles and Lagging
16.3. Cribs, Gabions and Mattresses
16.5. Geosynthetically Confined Soil/Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil
16.6. Fabric Formwork and Geotubes
Chapter 17: Lightweight Fill Materials
17.1. Types of Lightweight Fills
17.2. Properties of EPS Geofoam
17.3. Geofoam Applications
17.3.1. Construction with Geofoam
17.3.2. Other Construction Considerations
17.3.3. History and Case Studies
Chapter 18: Emerging Technologies, Trends, and Materials
18.1. Whats New-Whats Ahead?
18.2. Utilization of Wastes
18.3.1. Biostabilization Applications
18.3.2. Contaminant Remediation
18.3.3. Inorganic Precipitation
Approximate Conversions to SI Units
Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods
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