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The Oxygen Evolving System of Photosynthesis

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Table of Contents

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: Photosystem II Reaction Center: Structure and Photochemistry

CHAPTER 1. PROMPT AND DELAYED FLUORESCENCE FROM PHOTOSYSTEM 2

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THEORETICAL. TRANSFER OF EXCITATION ENERGY. THE EMISSION YIELD AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF QUENCHERS

III. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

IV. DISCUSSION

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2. PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PHEOPHYTIN PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

DISCOVERY OF THE PHEOPHYTIN PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

INTERACTION BETWEEN PHEOPHYTIN AND THE PQ-Fe COMPLEX IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

OTHER ELECTRON-REDISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS IN PHOTOSYSTEM-II REACTION CENTERS

ENERGETIC PROPERTIES OF THE PHEOPHYTIN ACCEPTOR

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. PHOTOSYSTEM II REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PURIFIED FROM HIGHER PLANTS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. PURIFICATION OF A PSII REACTION CENTER COMPLEX FROM HIGHER PLANTS

III. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PURIFIED PSII REACTION CENTER COMPLEX

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4. FLUORESCENCE EMISSION SPECTRA OF PHOTOSYSTEM 2 REACTION CENTER COMPLEXES AND CHLOROPHYLL-BINDING SUBUNITS AT LOW TEMPERATURE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. EFFECTS OF SDS ON F685 AND F695 IN E-1

III. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF F685 AND F695

IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5. CORRELATION OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE 695 NM FLUORESCENCEEMISSION WITH THE REACTION CENTER OF PS I I (CP47)

I. INTRODUCTION

II. EXPERIMENTAL

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR COMPLEX OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

III. DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. LOW TEMPERATURE EPR MEASUREMENTS OF THE PS-II REACTION CENTRE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS

REFERENCES

Part II: Donor Side Electron Transport: Role of Essential Factors

CHAPTER 8. STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN FORMATION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE REACTION CENTER COMPLEX OF SYSTEM II

III. FUNCTIONAL COUPLING BETWEEN REACTION CENTER AND WATERSPLITTING ENZYME SYSTEM Y

IV. WATERSPLITTING ENZYME SYSTEM Y

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS OF PROBING THE DONOR SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10. STRUCTURE AND INHIBITION OF COMPONENTS ON THE OXIDIZING SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11. EFFECT OF FERRICYANIDE ON EPR SIGNAL II IN OXYGEN-EVOLVING PSII MEMBRANES

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS

IV. DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12. POSSIBLE ROLE OF CYTOCHROME b559 IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESTORATION OF HIGH POTENTIAL CYTOCHROME b

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13. BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENIGMATIC CHLOROPLAST CYTOCHROME b-559: PARTIAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PURIFIED b-559 POLYPEPTIDE AND STUDIES ON THE IDENTITY OF THE Mr = 9,000 PHOSPHOPROTEIN

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 14. STUDIES OF O2 EVOLUTION USING H2O ANALOGS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

I. ASSAYS OF INTERACTION

II. FLASH-YIELDS OF N2 AND O2: A DIRECT ASSAY OF NH2OH INTERACTION

III. O2 FLASH YIELDS IN THE PRESENCE OF A SERIES OF H2O ANALOGS: AN INDIRECT ASSAY OF SUBSTRATE INTERACTION

IV. PROPOSED MODEL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 15. EPR EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF A DISCRETE MANGANESE CLUSTER IN O2 EVOLUTION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. A DISCRETE MANGANESE CLUSTER INVOLVED IN O2 EVOLUTION

III. MANGANESE-CONTAINING PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM SPINACH THYLAKOID MEMBRANES AND PSII MEMBRANE FRAGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 16. PROPERTIES OF THE S2 STATE ASSOCIATED WITH O2 EVOLUTION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS

III. DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 17. MOLECULAR ORBITAL STUDY ON THE ROLE OF MANGANESE IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC WATER OXIDATION: A MODEL FOR THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM

I. INTRODUCTION

II. A SPECIAL Mn CLUSTER MODEL

III. "MICROSURFACE" MODEL FOR CATALYTIC 2Mn ATOMS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Part III: Structure of the Oxygen-Evolving System: Polypeptide Composition and Functional Reconstitution

CHAPTER 18. IDENTIFICATION OF PHOTOSYSTEM II-THYLAKOID PROTEINS THROUGH MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS WITH CHLAMYDOMONAS AND SCENEDESMUS PHENOTYPES

I. INTRODUCTION

II. EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISMS

III. THE 34 kDa POLYPEPTIDE AND WATER PHOTOLYSIS

IV. THE 16 and 20 kDa POLYPEPTIDES AND WATER PHOTOLYSIS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 19. ELECTRON TRANSPORT ACTIVITY AND POLYPEPTIDE COMPOSITION OF THE ISOLATED PHOTOSYSTEM II COMPLEX

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS

III. DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 20. POLYPEPTIDES INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN EVOLUTION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON A 23 KDALTON PROTEIN

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE 23 kDa POLYPEPTIDE

III. THE 17 kDa POLYPEPTIDE

IV. THE 34 kDa POLYPEPTIDE

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 21. ON THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF A 23 kD-POLYPEPTIDE FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC WATER OXIDATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 22. ORGANIZATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETICOXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION

II. OXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM OF PHOTOSYSTEM II PARTICLES

III. DISINTEGRATION OF THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM

IV. RECONSTITUTION OF THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM

V. ORGANIZATION OF THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 23. CHARACTERIZATION OF 33-KILODALTON, 24-KILODALTON, AND 18-KILODALTON PROTEINS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN EVOLUTION SYSTEM OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE 33-kDa PROTEIN

III. THE 24-kDa PROTEIN

IV. THE 18-kDa PROTEIN

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 24. ORGANIZATION OF THE O2-EVOLUTION ENZYME COMPLEX IN A HIGHLY ACTIVE O2-EVOLVING PHOTOSYSTEM-II PREPARATION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. ISOLATION OF A HIGHLY ACTIVE O2-EVOLVING PHOTOSYSTEM-II PREPARATION FROM SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

III. IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN COMPONENTS PROBABLY INVOLVED IN THE O2-EVOLUTION SYSTEM

IV. STOICHIOMETRY OF MANGANESE AND REACTION CENTER OF PHOTOSYSTEM II IN THE O2-EVOLVING PHOTOSYSTEM-II PREPARATION

V. LOCALIZATION OF THE 33-, 24- AND 18-KILODALTON PROTEINS IN THE PHOTOSYSTEM-II PREPARATION

V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 25. PROTEINS ESSENTIAL FOR RECOVERING OXYGEN EVOLUTION IN CHOLATE-TREATED THYLAKOIDS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RECONSTITUTION OF O2 EVOLUTION IN CHOLATE-EXTRACTED THYLAKOIDS

III. COLLABORATION OF THE 17 AND 23 kD POLYPEPTIDES IN THE WATER SPLITTING PROCESS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 26. ISOLATION OF A MANGANESE PROTEIN FROM CYANOBACTERIUM THYLAKOIDS AND ITS PARTICIPATION IN DEHYDROGENATION OF WATER

SUMMARY

I. INTRODUCTION

II. ISOLATION OF MANGANESE PROTEIN FROM PLECTONEMA THYLAKOIDS

III. IMMUNOGLOBULIN AGAINST MANGANESE PROTEIN INHIBITS PS II BUT NOT PS I OF PLECTONEMA THYLAKOIDS

IV. CATALASE ACTIVITY OF PLECTONEMA MANGANESE PROTEIN AND THYLAKOIDS

V. CYANIDE AND HYDROXYLAMINE INHIBITION OF PS II OF PLECTONEMA THYLAKOIDS

VI. POSSIBLE PARTIAL REACTIONS OF THE WATER DEHYDROGENASE

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 27. PREPARATION OF OXYGEN-EVOLVING PHOTOSYSTEM II PARTICLES FROM A THERMOPHILIC BLUE-GREEN ALGA

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 28. THE USE OF LAUROYL CHOLINE CHLORIDE TO PROBE PHOTOSYSTEM II FUNCTION: WATER SPLITTING, PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOCHEMISTRY, AND POLYPEPTIDE COMPOSITION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

III. REVERSAL OF LCC INHIBITION BY POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

IV. PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOCHEMISTRY

V. SPECTROSCOPY

VI. POLYPEPTIDE COMPOSITION

VII. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 29. HETEROGENEITY OF PHOTOSYSTEM II IN SPINACH THYLAKOIDS

INTRODUCTION

LATERAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE LOCATION OF PS II AND PS I

LOCATION OF PS IIα, PS IIβ AND PS I

THE EFFECTIVE ANTENNA SIZE OF PS IIα, PS IIβ AND PS I

CALCULATED CHLOROPHYLL COMPOSITION OF PHOTOSYSTEMS

FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY OF PS II

REFERENCES

Part IV: Specific Inactivation and Reactivation of Photosystem II Electron Transport

CHAPTER 30. INTERACTIONS OF PROTONS WITH PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II· H+-RETMTION AND OEC STABILITY

III. THE NATURE OF THE H+-BINDING GROUPS

III. A MODEL

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 31. CHLORIDE ION-SENSITIVE INACTIVATION OF O2 EVOLVING CENTERS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. Mn2+ INHIBITION AND LOW-TRIS INHIBITION

III. A NEW METHOD FOR CI DEPLETION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 32. COMMENTS ON THE POSSIBLE ROLES OF BICARBONATE AND CHLORIDE IONS IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. BICARBONATE

III. CHLORIDE

IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 33. EFFECT OF BICARBONATE ON ELECTRON TRANSFER BETWEEN PLASTOQUINONES IN PHOTOSYSTEM-II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS

IV. DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 34. FACTORS REQUIRED FOR PHOTO-REACTIVATΙΟΝ OF TRIS-INACTIVATED GRANA PREPARATIONS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 35. FACTORS REQUIRED FOR PHOTOACTIVATION OF THE LATENT OXYGEN-EVOLVING SYSTEM: SOME NEW FINDINGS DERIVED FROM INTACT CHLOROPLAST SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MANGANESE

III. CALCIUM

IV. THE PIGMENT SYSTEM AND STROMAL FACTOR(S)

V. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION AND pH GRADIENT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 36. THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOACTIVATION OF Ο2 EVOLUTION IN DARK-GROWN CONIFEROUS LEAVES

I. INTRODUCTION

II. PHOTOACTIVATION AND THIOL GENERATION

III. EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON PHOTOACTIVATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 37. EFFECT OF USNIC ACID ON PHOTOSYSTEM II ELECTRON TRANSPORT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. TREATMENT OF OAK BRANCHES WITH USNIC ACID

III. EFFECTS OF USNIC ACID ON SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

REFERENCES

Part V: Acceptor Side Electron Transport: Role of Quinones and Related Phenomena

CHAPTER 38. ELECTRON TRANSFER ON THE ACCEPTOR SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. FLUORESCENCE INDUCTION CURVES AS A FUNCTION OF DCMU CONCENTRATION

III. PHOTOSYSTEM II INDUCED REDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME b6

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 39. KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF THE TWO ELECTRON GATE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II: STUDIES OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN PLASTOQUINONE AND INHIBITORS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 40. BACTERIAL REACTION CENTERS AS A MODEL FOR PHOTOSYSTEM II: TURNOVER OF THE SECONDARY ACCEPTOR QUINONE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 41. STUDIES ON QUINONES IN GREEN LEAVES

I. INTRODUCTION

II. ANALYSIS OF QUINONES IN PS-II PARTICLES

III. POLAROGRAPHIC STUDIES ON QUINONES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 42. ASSIGNMENT OF FUNCTION TO POLYPEPTIDES OF 32-34 KILODALTONS IN THYLAKOIDS

I . INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 43. INHIBITOR AND PLASTOQUINONE BINDING TO PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

II. 'DCMU-TYPE'- AND PHENOLIC TYPE INHIBITORS

III. PHOTOSYSTEM II PREPARATIONS

IV. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 44. REGULATION OF MEMBRANE REACTIONS BY SURFACE POTENTIAL

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 45. INDUCTION OF MS DELAYED LUMINESCENCE IN THE THERMOPHILIC BLUE-GREEN ALGA, SYNECHOCOCCUS LIVIDUS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 46. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE STUDIES OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

I. INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Index