Front Cover

Viral Immunology and Immunopathology

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Authors and Participants

Preface

CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

THE CONCEPT OF VIRUS

THE CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES OF VERTEBRATES

PROTECTION AGAINST REINFECTION

THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIBODIES

THE DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND ORIGINAL ANTIGENIC SIN

IMMUNOGLOBULINS ON MUCOSAL SURFACES

NEUTRALIZATION OF VIRUSES BY ANTIBODY

VIRAL VACCINES

IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN VIVO

IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE

PHAGOCYTOSIS IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

RECENT LINKS BETWEEN VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

THE ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2. VIRAL REPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

II. VIRUSES CONTAINING AN RNA GENOME

III. NUCLEAR DNA VIRUSES

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. VIRAL ANTIGENS

NEUTRALIZATION ANTIGENS

CELL-SURFACE ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY VIRUS INFECTIONS

THYMUS DEPENDENCE OF VIRAL ANTIGENS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4. HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS

Differentiation And Distribution of Antibody-Producing Cells

Immunoglobulin Specificity of Viral Antibodies

Humoral Immune Response to Viruses

Role of Antibodies in Viral Infections

Summation

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5. MECHANISMS OF VIRAL NEUTRALIZATION

INTRODUCTION

EFFECT OF ANTIBODY ON THE VIRUS-CELL INTERACTION

EFFECT OF ANTIBODY ON THE VIRUS PARTICLE

EARLY EVENTS IN THE VIRUS-ANTIBODY INTERACTION

CRITICAL SITES AND VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION

NEUTRALIZATION AND THE COATING OF CRITICAL SITES

NEUTRALIZATION AND THE AGGREGATION OF VIRUS

NEUTRALIZATION AND THE PERSISTENT FRACTION

ACCESSORY FACTORS IN VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION

NEUTRALIZATION BY THE EARLY-ACTING COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS

NEUTRALIZATION BY THE LATE-ACTING COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS

NEUTRALIZATION BY WHOLE COMPLEMENT

MOLECULAR BASIS OF NEUTRALIZATION BY ACCESSORY FACTORS

RHEUMATOID FACTOR AND VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6. DESTRUCTION OF VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS BY ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT

INTRODUCTION

MECHANISMS OF ANTIBODY-MEDIATED CYTOLYSIS

COMPLEMENT-DEPENDENT ANTIBODY CYTOLYSIS IN VITRO

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED LYSIS IN VIVO

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

CHAPTER 8. THE ROLE OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

Introduction

Nature of the inflammatory cells

Specificity of the inflammatory response

Role of the inflammatory response — in vivo studies

Role of the inflammatory response — in vitro studies

Conclusion

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9. INTERFERON AS A MEDIATOR OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

Immune Specific Induction of Interferon in Vitro

Cell Type Producing Immune Interferon

Immune Specific Induction of Interferon in Vivo

Inhibition of Viral Spread by Immune Interferon

Interferon Induction and Deficiencies in Cell-Mediated Immunity

Effect of Interferon on the Immune System

Concluding Comments

References

CHAPTER 10. GENETIC CONTROL OF RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION IN MICE

Introduction

Infections with Viruses Other than Type-C Viruses

Infection with Endogenous Murine Type-C Viruses

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11. PERSISTENCE OF VIRAL INFECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF IMMUNITY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12. RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL ANTIGENS AND ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODY

INTRODUCTION

RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES IN VIRAL HEPATITIS, TYPE B

RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS EMPLOYING VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS VIRUSES

INTRODUCTION

HEPATITIS TYPE B

HEPATITIS TYPE A

NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 14. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LEUKEMIA VIRUSES IN MICE

Humoral Immunity in Normal Mice to AKR MuLV

Identification of Immunogenic Proteins in AKR MuLV

Antibodies in the Sera of Immunized Mice

Cytotoxic Activity of Anti-MuLV Antibodies for MuLV-Producing Cells

Correlation Between Occurrence of AAA and Anti-MuLV Antibodies in Mouse Antisera

Correlation Between Occurrence of AAA and Anti-MuLV Antibodies in Sera of Unimmunized Mice

Anomalous CXY of Mouse Antisera for Leukemia Cells

Production of MuLV by Sarcoma Cells In Culture

Identification of AAA as Anti-MuLV Antibodies by Absorption Analysis

Identification of MuLV Proteins Detected by AAA

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 15. IMMUNE RESPONSES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS

EBV-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

ANTIBODY RESPONSES

IMMUNE RESPONSES TO EBV-TRANSFORMED CELLS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 16. HERD IMMUNITY - CHANGING CONCEPTS

Illustrative Models

Behavior of Common Contagious Diseases

Current Immunization Problems

Discussion and Summary

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 17. CURRENT APPROACHES TO VIRAL IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

(1) COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF LOCAL MUCOSAL AND SYSTEMIC IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES

(2) DURATION OF IMMUNITY

(3) COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF INFECTION

(4) VIRAL ANTIGENS WHICH INDUCE IMMUNITY

(5) GENETIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE DERIVATION OF VACCINE STRAINS

CAUSES FOR CONCERN

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 18. SUBUNIT VIRAL VACCINES

Introduction

Influenza Viruses

Adenoviruses

Perspectives

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 19. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VIRAL VACCINES

Introduction

General Principles

Status of viral antigen

Immunologic status of the host

Adverse effects of viral vaccines

Adverse effects in normal hosts which appear to be related to the nature of the viral antigen or route of administration Measles

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Adverse effects seen in immunologically compromised hosts

Future prospects of viral vaccines

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 20. IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS

I. Introduction

II. Formation and Identification of V-Ab Immune Complexes

III. Diseases Associated with Virus-Antibody Immune Complex Deposits

IV. Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 21. VIRUS-INDUCED CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL DISEASE

ARENAVIRUSES

DESCRIPTION OF ACUTE ARENAVIRUS IMMUNOPATHOLOGIES

ARENAVIRUS IMMUNOPATHOLOGY IN VIVO: ANALYSIS AND UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS

VACCINATION

VISNA: IS THIS SLOW VIRUS DISEASE AN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY?

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 22. THE EFFECT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION

II. SUPPRESSION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

III. ABNORMALITIES IN ANTIBODY RESPONSE

IV. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INDUCED IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION

V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 23. AUTOIMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF VIRUS-INDUCED AUTOREACTIVITY

RELEASE OF SEQUESTERED ANTIGENS

VIRUS-INDUCED ALTERATION OF HOST CELL MEMBRANE ANTIGENS

IMMUNOLOGICAL CROSSREACTIVITY BETWEEN VIRAL AND HOST ANTIGENS

ALTERATION OF IMMUNOCYTES AND/OR IMMUNE REGULATOR CELLS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 24. THE FUTURE IN VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION OF THE HOST

REFERENCES

APENDIX: WORKSHOP ON VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP

Subject Index