Description
Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences, Volume 12: Neglected Factors in Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research: Biopharmaceutics, Animal Characteristics, Maintenance, Testing Conditions can be used as reference in the improvement of test designs for biochemists and physiologists in the control of test conditions.
The book is divided into five sections. The introduction deals with the uncertainty of animal characteristics and test conditions as hindrances to the development of general insight into biological regulatory mechanism. The first section discusses biopharmaceutics — the interaction of drugs when interacting with molecules or enzymes in sufficient concentration at a specific site of action. The second section reviews animal characteristics in terms of strain differences, sex differences, and changes during development and aging of the subject. The third section discusses the maintenance of experimental animals such as housing conditions, food composition, and water intake as these kinds of environmental factors may shape the phenotype and responsiveness of the experimental animal. The fourth section explains the testing conditions such as metabolic effects and drug interactions, anesthesia, stress, and even the effects on circadian rhythms. The last section is a discussion on the importance of experimental results. This section covers internal and external validities and statistical inference. The author concludes that the design of any experiment shoul
Chapter
Drug distribution after intravenous administration
Plasma drug concentration
Chapter 3. Intramuscular drug administration
Intramuscular depot and drug absorption
Absorption from aqueous solutions
Absorption from oily solutions
Absorption from suspensions
Chapter 4. Subcutaneous drug administration
Subcutaneous depot and drug absorption
Absorption from aqueous solutions
Absorption from oily solutions
Absorption from aqueous suspensions
Chapter 5. Intraperitoneal drug administration
Errors of intraperitoneal injections
Absorption from aqueous formulations
Chapter 6. Oral drug administration
Viscosity of drug solution
Osmotic pressure of drug solution
SECTION B: ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chapter 7. Inbred strains and outbred stocks
Phenotypic variation and response variability
Variations in inbred characteristics
Strain differences - some physiological characteristics
Strain differences - some behavioural and neurochemical traits
Strain differences - pharmacokinetics
Strain differences - pharmacodynamics
Strain differences - toxicological aspects
Interindividual differences
Chapter 8. Male - female differences
Vaginal oestrus and sexual behaviour
Effects of drugs on the oestrous cycle
Drug-induced behavioural changes
Chapter 9. Changes during development and aging
SECTION C: MAINTENANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Chapter 10. Housing conditions
Animal cage and animal room
Chapter 11. Food composition
Diet and biological response
Chapter 12. Food and water intake
Food and water intake of individually housed sedentary animals
Maintenance conditions affecting feeding behaviour
Variables modulating drug effects on feeding behaviour
SECTION D: TESTING CONDITIONS
Water intake and hypovolaemia
Body weight loss on food deprivation and food intake on refeeding
Hormonal and neuronal adaptations
Chapter 14. Food restriction
Adjustment to restricted feeding schedules
Adaptation to the restriction of energy intake
Metabolic consequences of restricted feeding
Effect on circadian rhythms
Dietary restriction and longevity
Effect on pharmacokinetics
Interactions with drug effects
Chapter 15. Circadian and other rhythms
Daily and circadian rhythms
Rhythms related to waking - sleeping behaviour
Rhythms of biochemical variables in blood and tissues
Rhythms of neuronal characteristics
Daily variations in drug effects
Daily rhythms in toxic effects
Effects on the cardiovascular system
Effect on metabolic processes
Influence of sampling procedure on blood and tissue composition
Effects of anaesthesia on pharmacokinetics
Influence of anaesthesia on drug effects
Stress response to preliminary experimental procedures
Recovery from acute stress experience
Stress response after repeated stress exposure
Response differences between naive and experienced animals
Stress responses in dependence on animal characteristics
SECTION E: IMPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS