Front Cover

Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Artificial Intelligence

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Foreword

What is "Computational Semantics?"

Computational Semantics and Connectionism

Some Brief History of Computational Semantics

Are Word-Senses Real?

Giving Word-Senses an Empirical Foundation

Reference

Preface

A Taxonomy of Lexical Ambiguity

A Tour of the Book

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

PART I: COMPUTER MODELS

Chapter 1. Word Expert Parsing Revisited in a Cognitive Science Perspective

1 Introduction

2 Lexical Ambiguity Resolution

3 Word Expert Parsing and Psycholinguistics

4 Conclusions and Further Research

Appendix: An Example Word Expert

References

Chapter 2. Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in a Deterministic Parser

1 Introduction

2 Syntactic Context

3 The Role of Agreement in Handling Ambiguity

4 Possible Uses for Agreement in English

References

Chapter 3. Resolving Lexical Ambiguity Computationally with Spreading Activation and Polaroid Words

1 Introduction

2 Marker Passing

3 Polaroid Words

4 What Polaroid Words Can't Do

5 Psychological Reality

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4. Are Vague Words Ambiguous?

1 Introduction

2 What is a Vague Word?

3 Frame Selection as Word Disambiguation

4 Frame Selection as Concept Refinement

5 Comparison to Other Work

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 5. Disambiguation in a Lexically Based Sentence Understanding System

1 A Lexically Based Sentence Understanding System

2 Some Types of Ambiguity

3 How to Traverse an Ambiguity Choice Tree

4 The Syntactic Disambiguation Mechanism

5 Encyclopedic Disambiguation Mechanism

6 Solving Additional Deep Understanding Problems

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6. An Account of Coherence, Semantic Relations, Metonymy, and Lexical Ambiguity Resolution

1 Introduction

2 Coherence, Semantic Relations, and Metonymy

3 Coherence and Lexical Ambiguity Resolution

4 Collative Semantics

5 Example

6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7. A Model of Lexical Access of Ambiguous Words

1 Introduction

2 Lexical Access

3 The Seidenberg et al. Model of Lexical Access

4 A Connectionist Model of Lexical Access

5 An Example Run

6 Discussion

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 8. Distributed Representations of Ambiguous Words and Their Resolution in a Connectionist Network

1 Introduction

2 The Model

3 Resolution

4 Successive Stable State

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9. Process Synchronization, Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, and Aphasia

1 Introduction

2 HOPE Models Normal Sentence Processing

3 Viewing Ambiguity in Processing

4 An Interpretation of Neural Ambiguity—Neural Evidence of Multiple Representation and Multiple Effect

5 Representation of Ambiguity in HOPE

6 Aphasie Evidence and HOPE Representations

7 The HOPE Lexicon—A Distributed Representation of a Word

8 Linguistic Performance Assumptions Inherent in the HOPE System Design

9 The Internal Control of Disambiguation in HOPE

10 Parallelism in HOPE

11 A Summary of the HOPE Architecture

12 The Role of Time in HOPE Processing

13 Syntactic Disambiguation over Time

14 Developing Hypothesized Patient Profiles—The Role of Disambiguation

15 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

PART II: EMPIRICAL STUDIES

Chapter 10. Implications of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution for Word Recognition and Comprehension

1 An Overview of Research in Lexical Ambiguity

2 Applications of Lexical Ambiguity

3 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. Lexical Processing and Ambiguity Resolution: An Autonomous Process in an Interactive Box

1 Introduction

2 Parameters of Lexical Processing

3 Accessing Ambiguous Words in the Lexicon: Ambiguity Resolution

4 On Backward Pnming: Why It Isn't

5 The Lexicon: An Interactive Box with an Autonomous Component Process

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12. Is Multiple Access an Artifact of Backward Priming?

1 Some Background

2 Lexical Priming

3 Cross-Modal Lexical Priming

4 Backward Priming

5 Some Experimental Studies

6 General Discussion

7 Conclusion

8 Coda: Modularity and Lexical Ambiguity

References

Chapter 13. Sentential Context and Lexical Access

1 Methodological Considerations

2 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. The Verb Mutability Effect: Studies of the Combinatorial Semantics of Nouns and Verbs

Part I: Experiments on Where Change of Meaning Occurs

1 PILOT STUDY

2 Experiment 1

3 Experiment 2

Part II: Experiments on What Kinds of Meaning Change Occur

4 Experiment 3a

5 Experiment 3b

Part III: General Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. (Almost) Never Letting Go: Inference Retention during Text Understanding

1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Conditional Retention

4 The Big Picture

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16. Neuropsychology of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: The Contribution of Divided Visual Field Studies

1 The Divided Visual Field Methodology

2 Lexical Access of Ambiguous Word Meanings

3 Specific Considerations

4 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Tracking the Time Course of Meaning Activation

1 Lexical Ambiguity

2 An Alternative Interpretation of the Lexical Ambiguity Results

3 Event-Related Potentials

4 Experiment 1

5 Experiment 2

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

References

Chapter 18. Cognitive Topology and Lexical Networks

1 Cognitive Topology versus Semantic Features

2 Two Levels of Prototype Structure

3 The Problem

4 The Above-Across Sense

5 The Above Sense

6 The Covering Senses

7 The Reflexive Schemas

8 The Excess Schema

9 The Repetition Schema

10 Some Metaphorical Senses

11 Motivation

12 More Metaphorical Senses

13 Image-Schemas as Links between Perception and Reason

14 The Nature of Image-Schema Transformations

16 Conclusion

References

Index