Chapter
2 Fundamental Science of Carbon Materials
2.1.1 Carbon–carbon bonds
2.1.3 Structural relation to neighboring atoms
2.2 Structure and texture of carbon materials
2.2.2 Structure development with heat treatment (carbonization and graphitization)
2.2.4 Microtexture (agglomeration)
2.3 Carbonization (nanotexture development)
2.3.1 Formation processes of carbon materials
2.3.2 Gas phase carbonization
c Vapor-grown carbon fibers and nanofibers
2.3.3 Solid phase carbonization
d Carbon films derived from aromatic polyimides
2.3.4 Liquid phase carbonization
d Control of optical texture of bulk mesophase
e Fractionation of pitches
2.4 Novel techniques for carbonization
2.4.2 Polymer blend method
2.4.4 Pressure carbonization
2.4.5 High-yield carbonization
2.4.6 Low-temperature carbonization
2.5 Graphitization (structure development)
2.5.1 Structure parameters
2.5.2 Graphitization behavior
a Carbon materials with planar orientation
b Carbon materials with axial orientation
c Carbon materials with point orientation
d Carbon materials with random orientation
2.5.3 Relations among structure parameters
2.5.4 Graphitization process
2.5.5 Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons
2.5.6 Heterogeneous graphitization (multiphase graphitization)
2.6 Acceleration of graphitization
2.6.1 Catalytic graphitization
2.6.2 Stress graphitization
2.6.3 Graphitization of exfoliated carbon fibers
2.7 Pore development in carbon materials
2.7.1 Pores in carbon materials
2.7.2 Identification of pores
a Scanning tunneling microscopy
b Transmission electron microscopy
d Scanning electron microscopy
2.7.3 Pore development in carbon materials
a Development of extrinsic nano-sized pores in glass-like carbons
b Macropore development in exfoliated graphite
c Development of extrinsic pores in graphite intercalation compounds
2.8 Introduction of foreign species
2.8.1 Possibility to introduce foreign species into carbon materials
a Characteristics of intercalation compounds
b Synthesis of intercalation compounds
a Substitution for carbon atoms
a Doping of boron and nitrogen
b Doping of metallic atoms into fullerenes
2.8.5 Dispersion of fine metal particles
3 Engineering and Applications of Carbon Materials
3.1 Polycrystalline graphite blocks
b High-density isotropic graphite blocks
b Semiconductor production and electrical discharge machining
c Electrical and electronic devices
e Mechanical applications
3.1.3 Filler cokes and binder pitches
3.2 Highly oriented graphite
3.2.1 Highly oriented graphite
3.2.4 Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)
3.2.5 Graphite films derived from polyimide films
3.2.6 Flexible graphite sheets
3.3 Non-graphitizing and glass-like carbons
3.3.1 Structural characteristics
3.4.1 Classification of fibrous carbons
3.4.2 Characteristics of carbon fibers
3.4.3 PAN-based carbon fibers
3.4.4 Pitch-based carbon fibers
3.4.5 Vapor-grown carbon fibers
3.4.6 Glass-like carbon fibers
3.5.1 Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers
a Nanotubes and nanofibers
3.5.3 Graphene and its derivatives
ii Preparation through exfoliation
iii Preparation by chemical vapor deposition
iv Synthesis via organic chemistry
3.5.4 Graphyne and graphdiyne
3.5.5 Single-wall carbon nanohorns
3.5.6 Helical carbon films
a Activated carbon fibers
b Molecular sieving carbons
c Mesoporous carbons for car canisters
d Porous carbons for electric double-layer capacitors
3.6.2 Novel techniques to control pore structure
a Microporous carbons using zeolite template
b Porous carbons by controlling carbonization process
c Mesoporous carbons through defluorination of PTFE
d Carbide-derived microporous carbons
f Mesoporous carbons via template carbonization
3.6.3 Carbon foams (macroporous carbons)
3.7 Carbon-based composites
3.7.1 Carbon-based composites
3.7.2 Carbon/carbon composites
3.7.3 Carbon/plastics composites
a Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics
b Plastics reinforced by carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers
3.7.4 Carbon/ceramics composites
a Carbon fiber reinforced concrete
b Ceramics reinforced by carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes
c Carbon/metal carbide composites
d Coating of ceramic films on carbon materials
3.7.5 Carbon/metal composites
3.8 Intercalation compounds
3.8.1 Possible applications
3.8.2 High conductivity function
3.8.3 Electrochemical functions
3.8.4 Catalytic functions
3.8.5 Gas adsorption and storage
3.9 Carbon materials for energy storage
3.9.1 Rechargeable batteries
3.9.2 Electrochemical capacitors
a Construction and characteristics of electrochemical capacitors
b In aqueous electrolytes
c Non-aqueous electrolyte
f Commercially available cells
3.9.3 Storage of hydrogen gas
3.9.4 Storage of methane gas
3.10 Carbon materials for environment remediation
3.10.1 Carbon/anatase composites
a Composites of carbon with TiO2
b Anatase-mounted activated carbons
3.10.2 Carbon materials for sorption of viscous fluids
b Kinetics of heavy oil sorption
c Recovery of heavy oil and cycling of carbon sorbents
d Recovery of heavy oil from contaminated sand
e Sorption of various oils
f Sorption of biomedical fluids
g Discussion on sorption of viscous fluids into macroporous carbon materials
3.10.3 Carbon fibers for environment remediation
Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Fundamentals
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