Chapter
Chapter 1 - Commingling Analysis: Historical and Methodological Perspectives
Chapter 1 - Commingling Analysis: Historical and Methodological Perspectives
Separation of Bone and Tooth from Other Materials
Separation of Bone and Tooth from Other Materials
Chapter 2 - Spatial Analysis of Mass Grave Mapping Data to Assist in the Reassociation of Disarticulated and Commingled Human Remains
Chapter 2 - Spatial Analysis of Mass Grave Mapping Data to Assist in the Reassociation of Disarticulated and Commingled Human Remains
Chapter 3 - Recovery Methods for Cremated Commingled Remains: Analysis and Interpretation of Small Fragments Using a Bioarchaeological Approach
Chapter 3 - Recovery Methods for Cremated Commingled Remains: Analysis and Interpretation of Small Fragments Using a Bioarchaeological Approach
Chapter 4 - More Pieces of the Puzzle: F.B.I. Evidence Response Team Approaches to Scenes with Commingled Evidence
Chapter 4 - More Pieces of the Puzzle: F.B.I. Evidence Response Team Approaches to Scenes with Commingled Evidence
FBI Evidence Response Team Operational Guidelines and Responsibilities
FBI Evidence Response Team Operational Guidelines and Responsibilities
The 12-Step Approach to Crime Scene Processing
The 12-Step Approach to Crime Scene Processing
Commingling within Cold Case Exhumations
Commingling within Cold Case Exhumations
Chapter 5 - The Use of Radiology in Mass Fatality Events
Chapter 5 - The Use of Radiology in Mass Fatality Events
Application of Radiographic Methods to Mass Fatalities
Application of Radiographic Methods to Mass Fatalities
Mass Fatality Investigation Using MDCT
Mass Fatality Investigation Using MDCT
Chapter 6 - A Practical Method for Detecting Commingled Remains Using Epiphyseal Union
Chapter 6 - A Practical Method for Detecting Commingled Remains Using Epiphyseal Union
Foundations for Understanding Epiphyseal Union Sequencing
Foundations for Understanding Epiphyseal Union Sequencing
Designing a Recording Form
Designing a Recording Form
Two Examples Demonstrating Use of the Recording Form
Two Examples Demonstrating Use of the Recording Form
Epiphyseal Recording Sheet for Maturational Sequence Analysis
Epiphyseal Recording Sheet for Maturational Sequence Analysis
Chapter 7 - Application of Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Sorting Commingled Human Remains
Chapter 7 - Application of Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Sorting Commingled Human Remains
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Use of XRF on Human Skeletal Remains
Use of XRF on Human Skeletal Remains
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter 8 - Osteometric Sorting
Chapter 8 - Osteometric Sorting
Data Sources and Analytical Methods
Data Sources and Analytical Methods
Models for Osteometric Sorting
Models for Osteometric Sorting
Chapter 9 - Estimating the Number of Individuals Represented by Commingled Human Remains: A Critical Evaluation of Methods
Chapter 9 - Estimating the Number of Individuals Represented by Commingled Human Remains: A Critical Evaluation of Methods
Factors Affecting Quantification: Bone Preservation and Scale of the Incident
Factors Affecting Quantification: Bone Preservation and Scale of the Incident
Quantification Techniques
Quantification Techniques
Test for the Accuracy of Visual Pair Matching
Test for the Accuracy of Visual Pair Matching
Test Application of the MNI and MLNI: Larson Village
Test Application of the MNI and MLNI: Larson Village
Alternative Methods for Estimating the Number of Individuals
Alternative Methods for Estimating the Number of Individuals
Some Comments on Counting Pairs of Bones
Some Comments on Counting Pairs of Bones
Chapter 10 - Assessment of Commingled Human Remains Using a GIS-Based and Osteological Landmark Approach
Chapter 10 - Assessment of Commingled Human Remains Using a GIS-Based and Osteological Landmark Approach
Issues of Fragmentary and Commingled Human Remains
Issues of Fragmentary and Commingled Human Remains
Walker–Noe Skeletal Analysis
Walker–Noe Skeletal Analysis
GIS Results and Discussion
GIS Results and Discussion
Comparison of Landmark and GIS Analyses
Comparison of Landmark and GIS Analyses
Chapter 11 - Human Cremation: Commingling and Questioned Identity
Chapter 11 - Human Cremation: Commingling and Questioned Identity
The Inevitability of Commingling in Cremation
The Inevitability of Commingling in Cremation
Factors That May Lead to Excessive Commingling
Factors That May Lead to Excessive Commingling
How Commingling Is Detected
How Commingling Is Detected
Personal Identification in Cremains Analysis
Personal Identification in Cremains Analysis
How Commingling Becomes a Legal Issue
How Commingling Becomes a Legal Issue
How Is Commingling Described to a Jury?
How Is Commingling Described to a Jury?
Chapter 12 - Marrying Anthropology and DNA: Essential for Solving Complex Commingling Problems in Cases of Extreme Fragmentation
Chapter 12 - Marrying Anthropology and DNA: Essential for Solving Complex Commingling Problems in Cases of Extreme Fragmentation
Part I: Overview of WTC Identification Process
Part I: Overview of WTC Identification Process
Part II: WTC Case Examples
Part II: WTC Case Examples
Chapter 13 - Prioritized Sampling of Bone and Teeth for DNA Analysis in Commingled Cases
Chapter 13 - Prioritized Sampling of Bone and Teeth for DNA Analysis in Commingled Cases
Chapter 14 - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Commingled Remains Analysis: Anthropology, Genetics, and Background Information
Chapter 14 - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Commingled Remains Analysis: Anthropology, Genetics, and Background Information
Forensic Anthropology and the Investigation of Human Rights Violations
Forensic Anthropology and the Investigation of Human Rights Violations
Multidisciplinary Approach in Commingled Remains
Multidisciplinary Approach in Commingled Remains
Anthropological Reassociation of Remains and Sampling for Genetic Analysis
Anthropological Reassociation of Remains and Sampling for Genetic Analysis
Illustrating with Some of the Investigated Cases
Illustrating with Some of the Investigated Cases
Lessons Learned and Recommendations
Lessons Learned and Recommendations
And Now What? Future Challenges
And Now What? Future Challenges
Chapter 15 - Blast and Crash Incidents: Resolving Commingling at the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System
Chapter 15 - Blast and Crash Incidents: Resolving Commingling at the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System
Overview of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System
Overview of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System
AFMES Dissociated Remains Protocols
AFMES Dissociated Remains Protocols
Total Fragmentation of the Decedent
Total Fragmentation of the Decedent
Subsequent Recovery of Remains and Final Disposition
Subsequent Recovery of Remains and Final Disposition
Examples of Commingling Resolution at the AFMES
Examples of Commingling Resolution at the AFMES
Chapter 16 - Forensic Investigation of Suicidal Bombings in Israel: Balancing Religious Considerations with Medicolegal Responsibilities
Chapter 16 - Forensic Investigation of Suicidal Bombings in Israel: Balancing Religious Considerations with Medicolegal Responsibilities
Religious Beliefs Concerning Postmortem Examinations in Israel
Religious Beliefs Concerning Postmortem Examinations in Israel
History of Forensic Medicine in Israel
History of Forensic Medicine in Israel
Chapter 17 - Anthropologist-Directed Triage: Three Distinct Mass Fatality Events Involving Fragmentation and Commingling of Human Remains
Chapter 17 - Anthropologist-Directed Triage: Three Distinct Mass Fatality Events Involving Fragmentation and Commingling of Human Remains
The World Trade Center Disaster
The World Trade Center Disaster
The Crash of American Airlines Flight 587
The Crash of American Airlines Flight 587
The Staten Island Ferry Crash
The Staten Island Ferry Crash
Chapter 18 - Recovery and Identification of Victims of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 Crash
Chapter 18 - Recovery and Identification of Victims of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 Crash
Recovery and Documentation of Human Remains at Crash Site
Recovery and Documentation of Human Remains at Crash Site
Findings of the NTSB Investigation
Findings of the NTSB Investigation
Retrospective on Incident Response
Retrospective on Incident Response
Chapter 19 - The Korea 208: A Large-Scale Commingling Case of American Remains from the Korean War
Chapter 19 - The Korea 208: A Large-Scale Commingling Case of American Remains from the Korean War
Introduction: JPAC and the CIL
Introduction: JPAC and the CIL
Background: The Korean War and K208
Background: The Korean War and K208
K208 Analysis: Segregation, Consolidation, and Identification
K208 Analysis: Segregation, Consolidation, and Identification
Chapter 20 - Data Management and Commingled Remains
Chapter 20 - Data Management and Commingled Remains
Identification Errors at an MFI
Identification Errors at an MFI
DNA Testing on Degraded Remains
DNA Testing on Degraded Remains
Summary of Identification Errors at an MFI
Summary of Identification Errors at an MFI
Summary of AM Intake Dynamics
Summary of AM Intake Dynamics
Challenges in the AM Interview Process
Challenges in the AM Interview Process
Error Rates in the AM Records
Error Rates in the AM Records
Error Rates in the PM Records
Error Rates in the PM Records
Chapter 21 - Resolving Commingling Issues During the Medicolegal Investigation of Mass Fatality Incidents
Chapter 21 - Resolving Commingling Issues During the Medicolegal Investigation of Mass Fatality Incidents
Fragmentation, Reassociation, and Identification: Influencing Parameters
Fragmentation, Reassociation, and Identification: Influencing Parameters
Managing the Identification Process: Applying Human Remains Triage Principles
Managing the Identification Process: Applying Human Remains Triage Principles
Establishing Human Remains Triage Guidelines
Establishing Human Remains Triage Guidelines
Human Remains Tracking Systems
Human Remains Tracking Systems
Group Remains Classification
Group Remains Classification
The Probative Index System
The Probative Index System
Triage Station Staffing, Quality Assurance, and Control
Triage Station Staffing, Quality Assurance, and Control
Mass Fatality Morgue Operations
Mass Fatality Morgue Operations
Case Study: United Airlines Flight 93
Case Study: United Airlines Flight 93
Family Assistance Considerations
Family Assistance Considerations
Additional Considerations: Policy, Ethics, and Family Expectations
Additional Considerations: Policy, Ethics, and Family Expectations
Chapter 22 - Mass Fatality Management and the Effects of Commingling
Chapter 22 - Mass Fatality Management and the Effects of Commingling
Overview of Mass Fatality Incidents in the U.S. from 2000 to 2013
Overview of Mass Fatality Incidents in the U.S. from 2000 to 2013
Chapter 23 - The Social Complexities of Commingled Remains
Chapter 23 - The Social Complexities of Commingled Remains
The Scientific Quandaries of Commingled Remains: Intent and Uncertainty
The Scientific Quandaries of Commingled Remains: Intent and Uncertainty
Srebrenica’s Secondary Mass Graves
Srebrenica’s Secondary Mass Graves
Commingling’s Effect on Religious Ritual: Srebrenica’s Collective Cemetery
Commingling’s Effect on Religious Ritual: Srebrenica’s Collective Cemetery
Reassociation and Decisions to Bury
Reassociation and Decisions to Bury
Re-exhumations at Potočari
Re-exhumations at Potočari
Conclusion: Commingling of the Dead and Living
Conclusion: Commingling of the Dead and Living
Commingled Human Remains
：Methods in Recovery, Analysis, and Identification
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