Chapter
Chapter 2 - Definitions of Physical Units and the International System
2.2 LE SYSTÈME INTERNATIONAL D'UNITÉS
2.3 EXAMPLE: APPLYING UNITS OF WORK AND PRESSURE TO A ROOT
2.4 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF ISAAC NEWTON
Chapter 3 - Structure and Properties of Water
3.2 FORCES THAT BIND WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER
3.4 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHANNES VAN DER WAALS
Chapter 4 - Soil–Water Terminology and Applications
4.3 HEADS IN A COLUMN OF SOIL
4.4 MOVEMENT OF WATER BETWEEN TENSIOMETERS
4.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM L. POWERS
5.1 DESCRIPTION OF A TENSIOMETER
5.2 TYPES OF TENSIOMETERS
5.3 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON TENSIOMETERS
5.4 APPLICATIONS OF TENSIOMETERS
5.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF L.A. RICHARDS
Chapter 6 - Static Water in Soil
6.2 EXAMPLES OF SURFACE TENSION
6.3 RISE AND FALL OF WATER IN SOIL PORES
6.4 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF MARQUIS DE LAPLACE
Chapter 7 - Water Movement in Saturated Soil
7.2 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
7.6 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF APOLLONIUS OF PERGA
7.7 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY DARCY
Chapter 8 - Time Domain Reflectometry
8.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, FREQUENCY DOMAIN, AND TIME DOMAIN
8.3 THEORY FOR THE USE OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT TO MEASURE SOIL WATER CONTENT
8.4 COAXIAL CABLE AND WAVEGUIDES
8.5 MEASUREMENT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING TDR
8.6 PRACTICAL INFORMATION WHEN USING TDR TO MEASURE SOIL WATER CONTENT
8.7 EXAMPLE OF USING TDR TO DETERMINE ROOT WATER UPTAKE
8.8 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
8.9 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF HEINRICH HERTZ
8.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF SERGEI SCHELKUNOFF
Chapter 9 - Dual Thermal Probes
9.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
9.3 THEORY OF THE DUAL-PROBE HEAT-PULSE METHOD
9.6 MEASUREMENTS OF DIFFERENCES OF WATER CONTENT, Δθ
9.10 MEASUREMENTS NEAR THE SOIL SURFACE
9.11 CONVECTION AND ITS EFFECT ON MEASUREMENTS
9.12 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
9.13 DETERMINATION OF SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
9.14 MEASUREMENTS WITH ROOTS IN SOIL
9.16 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
9.18 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN JAEGER
Chapter 10 - Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Available Water, and the Nonlimiting Water Range
10.4 NONLIMITING WATER RANGE
10.5 BIOGRAPHIES OF BRIGGS AND SHANTZ
Chapter 11 - Penetrometers
11.1 DEFINITION, TYPES OF PENETROMETERS, AND USES
11.3 WHAT PENETROMETER MEASUREMENTS DEPEND UPON
11.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF CHAMP TANNER
Chapter 12 - Oxygen Diffusion Rate
12.1 THE OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE METHOD
12.3 MODEL AND PRINCIPLES OF THE ODR METHOD
12.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF MICHAEL FARADAY
Chapter 13 - Infiltration
13.1 DEFINITION OF INFILTRATION
13.2 FOUR MODELS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION
13.3 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION
13.5 TENSION INFILTROMETER OR DISC PERMEAMETER
13.6 MINIDISK INFILTROMETER
13.7 MEASUREMENT OF UNSATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND SORPTIVITY WITH THE TENSION INFILTROMETER
13.8 MEASUREMENT OF REPELLENCY WITH THE TENSION INFILTROMETER
13.9 MEASUREMENT OF MOBILITY WITH THE TENSION INFILTROMETER
13.10 ELLIPSOIDAL DESCRIPTION OF WATER FLOW INTO SOIL FROM A SURFACE DISC
13.11 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN PHILIP
14.2 ILLUSTRATION OF BREAKTHROUGH CURVES AND PORE VOLUMES
14.3 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PORE VOLUME
14.4 CALCULATION OF A PORE VOLUME
14.5 PORE VOLUMES BASED ON LENGTH UNITS
14.6 MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT
14.7 RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE WATER CONTENT AND PORE VOLUME
14.8 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF DONALD NIELSEN
Chapter 15 - Root Anatomy and Poiseuille's Law for Water Flow in Roots
15.3 ASSUMPTIONS OF POISEUILLE’S LAW
15.4 CALCULATIONS OF FLOW BASED ON POISEUILLE'S LAW
15.5 AGRONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF POISEUILLE’S LAW
15.6 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF J.L.M. POISEUILLE
15.7 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF OSBORNE REYNOLDS
15.8 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF KATHERINE ESAU
Chapter 16 - Gardner's Equation for Water Movement to Plant Roots
16.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUATION
16.3 VALUES FOR THE RATE OF WATER UPTAKE
16.5 EFFECT OF WET AND DRY SOIL
16.6 EFFECT OF ROOT RADIUS
16.7 COMPARISON OF MATRIC POTENTIAL AT ROOT AND IN SOIL FOR DIFFERENT RATES OF WATER UPTAKE
16.8 EFFECT OF ROOT DISTRIBUTION ON WILTING
16.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF WILDFORD GARDNER
Chapter 17 - Stem Anatomy and Pressure–Volume Curves
17.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE WATER POTENTIAL
17.3 OSMOTIC POTENTIAL (ΨS)
17.4 THEORY OF SCHOLANDER PRESSURE–VOLUME CURVES
17.5 HOW TO ANALYZE A PRESSURE–VOLUME CURVE
17.6 TURGOR POTENTIAL (ΨP)
17.7 MEASUREMENT OF PLANT WATER CONTENT AND RELATIVE WATER CONTENT
17.9 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF WILHELM PFEFFER
17.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JACOBUS VAN'T HOFF
17.11 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF RUDOLF CLAUSIUS
Chapter 18 - Thermocouple Psychrometers
18.1 RELATION BETWEEN WATER POTENTIAL AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
18.2 THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS
18.4 THERMOELECTRIC POWER
18.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VAPOR PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
18.7 IMPORTANCE OF ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS WHEN MAKING MEASUREMENTS
18.8 TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETERS
18.9 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF J.C.A. PELTIER
18.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE
18.11 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON KELVIN
Chapter 19 - Pressure Chambers
19.1 COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH THE PRESSURE CHAMBER AND THE THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETER
19.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PRESSURE CHAMBER
19.4 PUMP-UP PRESSURE CHAMBER
19.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF PER SCHOLANDER
19.6 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN BOYER
Chapter 20 - The Ascent of Water in Plants
20.2 HOW WATER GETS TO THE TOP OF TALL BUILDINGS AND ANIMALS
20.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE COHESION THEORY
20.5 ALTERNATIVE THEORIES TO THE COHESION THEORY
20.6 NEW TECHNIQUES TO CONFIRM THE COHESION THEORY
20.7 CONTROVERSY ABOUT THE COHESION THEORY
20.8 POTENTIALS IN THE SOIL–PLANT–ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM
20.9 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY DIXON
20.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN JOLY
21.3 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF C.H.M. VAN BAVEL
Chapter 22 - Electrical Analogs for Water Movement through the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum
22.2 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE WITH THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
22.4 UNITS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
22.5 EXAMPLE OF AN ELECTRICAL ANALOG APPLIED TO SOIL WITH WORMHOLES
22.6 VAN DEN HONERT'S EQUATION
22.7 PROOF OF VAN DEN HONERT'S EQUATION
22.8 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF GEORG OHM
22.9 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES WHEATSTONE
22.10 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHIES OF MEMBERS OF THE SIEMENS FAMILY
Chapter 23 - Leaf Anatomy and Leaf Elasticity
23.2 INTERNAL WATER RELATIONS
23.4 ELASTICITY APPLIED TO PLANT LEAVES
23.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF ROBERT HOOKE
23.6 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS YOUNG
Chapter 24 - Stomatal Anatomy and Stomatal Resistance
24.1 DEFINITION OF STOMATA AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
24.2 STOMATAL ANATOMY OF DICOTS AND MONOCOTS
24.4 DIFFUSION OF GASES THROUGH STOMATAL PORES
24.6 MECHANISM OF STOMATAL OPENING
24.9 MEASUREMENT OF STOMATAL APERTURE AND STOMATAL RESISTANCE
24.10 THEORY OF MASS-FLOW AND DIFFUSION POROMETERS
24.11 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF ADOLF FICK
Chapter 25 - Solar Radiation, Black Bodies, Heat Budget, and Radiation Balance
25.2 TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
25.3 DEFINITION OF A BLACK BODY
25.4 EXAMPLE OF A BLACK BODY
25.5 TEMPERATURE OF A BLACK BODY
25.7 SPECTRUM OF A BLACK BODY
25.10 COMPARISON OF SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
25.13 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
25.14 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOSEF STEFAN
25.15 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF LUDWIG BOLTZMANN
25.16 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF WILHELM WIEN
Chapter 26 - Infrared Thermometers
26.1 INFRARED THERMOMETERS
26.3 PRINCIPLES OF INFRARED THERMOMETRY
26.4 USE OF A PORTABLE INFRARED THERMOMETER
26.5 CALIBRATION OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS
26.6 ADVANTAGES OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS
26.7 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF RAY JACKSON
Chapter 27 - Stress-Degree-Day Concept and Crop Water Stress Index
27.2 CANOPY-MINUS-AIR TEMPERATURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
27.3 CROP WATER STRESS INDEX
27.4 HOW TO CALCULATE THE CROP WATER STRESS INDEX
27.5 CROP WATER STRESS INDEX FOR ALFALFA, SOYBEANS, AND COTTON
27.6 IMPORTANCE OF A WIDE RANGE OF VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT VALUES
27.7 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX
27.8 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF SHERWOOD IDSO
Chapter 28 - Potential Evapotranspiration
28.1 DEFINITION OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
28.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
28.4 EXAMPLE CALCULATION TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
28.5 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF HOWARD PENMAN
Chapter 29 - Water and Yield
29.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YIELD AND TRANSPIRATION AND YIELD AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
29.3 WATER AND MARKETABLE YIELD
29.5 CROP WATER-USE EFFICIENCY
29.6 WATER-USE EFFICIENCY UNDER ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE
29.7 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF CORNELIUS DE WIT
Chapter 30 - Solar Time and Interception of Direct-Beam Solar Radiation
30.2 INTERCEPTION OF DIRECT-BEAM SOLAR RADIATION
30.3 HOW TO MEASURE ALTITUDE AND AZIMUTH ANGLES OF SUN
30.4 APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHY OF JOHANNES KEPLER
Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations
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