Front Cover

Progress in Filtration and Separation

Copyright

CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Chapter One - Hydrocyclones

NOMENCLATURE

1. BACKGROUND

2. BASIC DESIGN

3. CHARACTERIZATION OF PERFORMANCE

4. HYDROCYCLONE MODELS

5. SCALE-UP AND DESIGN

6. MONITORING AND CONTROL OF HYDROCYCLONES

7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

REFERENCES

Section 1 Membrane filters

Chapter two - Dynamic Filtration with Rotating Disks, and Rotating or Vibrating Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL DYNAMIC FILTRATION MODULES

3. CALCULATIONS OF INTERNAL FLUID DYNAMICS IN VARIOUS DYNAMIC FILTRATION MODULES

4. RECENT APPLICATIONS OF DYNAMIC FILTRATION AND INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDIES

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter three - Membrane Distillation (MD)

1. MEMBRANE DISTILLATION SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS VARIANTS

2. MD MODULES AND FLUID FLOW

3. MD APPLICATIONS: FILTRATION AND SEPARATION

4. TIPS, REMARKS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MD

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

Chapter Four - Pervaporation

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF PERVAPORATION

3. PERVAPORATION MEMBRANES

4. HYDROPHILIC PERVAPORATION: APPLICATIONS IN DEHYDRATION

5. HYDROPHOBIC PERVAPORATION

6. ORGANOPHILIC PERVAPORATION

7. HYBRID SYSTEMS

8. ETHANOL PURIFICATION AND PRODUCTION OF BIO-ETHANOL

9. PERVAPORATION MEMBRANE REACTORS

10. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter Five - Liquid – Membrane Filters

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT THROUGH LM

3. MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF SOLUTE IN LM-BASED SEPARATION

4. TYPES OF TRANSPORT OF SOLUTE IN LM-BASED SEPARATION

5. CARRIER

6. SOLVENTS

7. TYPES OF LM

8. OPERATIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO LM-BASED SEPARATION UNIT

9. CASE STUDY

REFERENCES

Chapter Six - Electrodialysis

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ELECTRODIALYZER

3. CONTINUOUS (SINGLE-PASS) ELECTRODIALYSIS PROGRAM

4. BATCH ELECTRODIALYSIS PROGRAM

5. FEED-AND-BLEED ELECTRODIALYSIS PROGRAM

REFERENCES

Section 2 Force field assisted separators

Chapter Seven - Magnetic Techniques for Mineral Processing

1. INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC SEPARATION

2. MAGNETIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

3. CASE STUDIES ON MAGNETIC SEPARATIONS

4. FUTURE TRENDS IN MAGNETIC SEPARATION

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

LIST OF RELEVANT WEB SITES

Chapter Eight - Electric (Electro/Dielectro-Phoretic)—Force Field Assisted Separators

NOMENCLATURE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ELECTROPHORETIC AND ELECTROOSMOTIC TREATMENTS

3. DIELECTROPHORETIC TREATMENT

4. COMPARISON OF ELECTRICALLY ASSISTED SEPARATION PROCESSES

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter Nine - Ultrasonic

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ORIGIN OF ULTRASONICALLY INDUCED EFFECTS

3. STANDING WAVE SEPARATION

4. ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SIEVING

5. POLISHING FILTRATION

6. SLUDGE DEWATERING

7. MEMBRANE FILTRATION

REFERENCES

LIST OF RELEVANT WEB SITES

Section 3 Membranes

Chapter Ten - Ion Exchange

1. ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

2. ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS

3. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES

REFERENCES

Chapter Eleven - Hot Gas Filters

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HOT GAS FILTRATION—ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

3. FILTER MEDIA FOR HOT GAS FILTRATION

4. SURFACE FILTRATION AND HOT GAS FILTER ELEMENT CLEANING

5. HOT GAS FILTER DESIGN

6. APPLICATIONS

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter Twelve - Air Tabling—A Dry Gravity Solid–Solid Separation Technique

NOMENCLATURE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. APPLICATIONS OF AIR TABLING

3. APPARATUS

4. PRINCIPLES OF AIR TABLING

5. CASE STUDY: AIR TABLING OF PVC/PP MIXTURE

6. PERFORMANCE CURVE OF AIR TABLING

REFERENCES

Chapter Thirteen - Gas–Gas Separation by Membranes

NOMENCLATURE

INDICES

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MEMBRANE MODULES FOR GAS SEPARATION

3. PROCESS DESIGN

4. APPLICATIONS OF GAS PERMEATION PROCESSES

REFERENCES

Chapter Fourteen - Surface Area: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GAS–SOLID INTERFACE

3. SURFACE ADSORPTION PHENOMENA

4. BET SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS

5. SAMPLE PREPARATION

6. VOLUMETRIC GAS ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE

7. GRAVIMETRIC DYNAMIC VAPOUR SORPTION TECHNIQUE

8. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE

9. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter Fifteen - Particle Shape Characterization by Image Analysis

NOMENCLATURE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. IMAGE ACQUISITION

3. IMAGE TREATMENT

4. BASIC SIZE DESCRIPTORS

5. SHAPE DESCRIPTORS

6. TWINNED CRYSTALS AND AGGLOMERATES

7. FRACTAL-LIKE PARTICLES

8. BIOLOGICAL PARTICLES

9. CASE OF IN SITU IMAGES

10. SELECTION OF MAGNIFICATION

11. DISTRIBUTIONS

12. 3D SHAPE

13. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter Sixteen - Turbidity: Measurement of Filtrate and Supernatant Quality?

1. IMPORTANCE OF PARTICULATES IN PROCESS AND MUNICIPAL WATERS

2. ADVANTAGES OF TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS

3. TURBIDITY AS SURROGATE FOR PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS

4. PRINCIPLES OF TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT

5. TURBIDITY INSTRUMENTS

6. INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION

7. TECHNIQUES FOR ACCURATE TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter Seventeen - Capillary Suction Time (CST)

1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODS

3. FACTORS AFFECTING CST MEASUREMENTS

4. EXAMPLES OF CST USE

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDEX