Chapter
Introduction: Water Purification in the Twenty-First Century—Challenges and Opportunities
I.2 Water purification: impacts and opportunities
I.2.1 Water-environment nexus
I.2.5 Water–economy nexus
I.2.6 Water–security nexus
I.3 Critical problems to be addressed in water research
I.3.1 Availability and sourcewater protection
I.3.3 Contaminant detection and selective decontamination/removal
I.3.4 Pathogen deactivation and removal
I.3.5 Conservation and reuse
I.3.6 Scalability, ramp-up, and technology diffusion
1 Contaminant Sensing Technologies
1 Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Arrays and Graphene for Water Monitoring
1.2 CNT-based electrochemical sensors
1.2.1 Various methods for preparation of CNT-based sensors
1.2.2 Fabrication of aligned CNT NEA
1.2.3 Applications of CNT-based sensors for metal ion monitoring
1.3 Graphene-based sensors
1.3.1 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors
1.3.2 Graphene sensors for pesticides
1.3.3 Graphene sensors for other pollutants
1.4 Conclusions and future work
2 Advanced Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring
2.2 Nanostructured sensing materials developed
2.2.1 Incorporation of metal nanoparticles in photopolymerized organic conducting polymers
2.2.1.1 Polymerization mechanism
2.2.1.2 Polypyrrole films for vapor sensing
2.2.2 Nanostructured PAA membranes as novel electrode materials
2.3 Chemical sensor arrays and pattern recognition
2.3.1 Data processing, pattern recognition, and support vector machines
2.3.2 Integration of sensor array with chromatographic systems
2.4 Biosensing applications of nanostructured materials
2.4.1 Biosensors for polychlorinated biphenyls
2.4.2 Endocrine disrupting chemicals, chlorinated organics, and other analytes
2.4.2.1 Biosensors for polyphenols and other analytes
2.4.2.2 Biosensors for EDCs
2.4.3 Multiarray electrochemical sensors for monitoring pathogenic bacteria, cell viability, and antibiotic susceptibility
2.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
3 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Detection of Pesticides and Explosives
3.2 Nanomaterials-based biosensors for pesticides
3.2.1 Biosensor based on AChE
3.2.1.1 Principle of electrochemical biosensor for OPs
3.2.2 Biosensor based on ChO/AChE bienzyme
3.2.2.1 The preparation of OP biosensors based on immobilization of CHO/AChE bienzymes on CNTs thin-film electrode
3.2.2.2 The kinetic of the inhibition of the enzyme activity
3.2.2.3 Performance of the biosensor
3.2.3 Biosensor based on LBL assembly of AChE on CNT
3.2.3.1 The preparation of multilayers of AChE on CNT-modified electrode
3.2.3.2 Flow injection amperometric detection of paraoxon with LBL-assembled biosensor
3.2.3.3 Performance of the biosensor
3.2.4 Biosensor based on OPH
3.3 NP-based electrochemical immunoassay of TNT
3.3.1 The principle of NP-based TNT sensor
3.3.2 The analytical performance of TNT sensor
4 Dye Nanoparticle-Coated Test Strips for Detection of ppb-Level Ions in Water
4.2 Fundamental concept of dye nanoparticle-coated test strip
4.2.1 Structural features of dye nanoparticle-coated test strip
4.2.2 Simple yet versatile fabrication methods of DNTSs
4.2.3 Detection characteristics with DNTS
4.3 The strategy to produce a suitable DNTS for a target ion
4.4 Detection of harmful ions in water with DNTSs
4.4.1 PAN nanofiber DNTS for Zn(II) detection
4.4.2 Dithizone nanofiber DNTS for Hg(II) detection
4.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
5 Functional Nucleic Acid-Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials and Their Applications as Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensors...
5.1 Detection of trace contaminants in water
5.2 Functional nucleic acids for molecular recognition
5.2.1 In vitro selection of functional nucleic acids that are selective for a broad range of target analytes
5.2.2 Analytes or contaminants recognized selectively by functional nucleic acids
5.3 Functional nucleic acid-directed assembly of nanomaterials for sensing contaminants
5.3.1 Fluorescent sensors
5.3.1.1 Sensing metal ions using DNAzyme based fluorescent sensors
5.3.1.2 Sensing organic and biological molecules using aptamer-based fluorescent sensors
5.3.2 Colorimetric sensors
5.3.2.1 Sensing metal ions using DNAzyme/gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensors
5.3.2.2 Sensing organic and biological molecules using aptamer/gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensors
5.4 Simultaneous multiplexed detection using quantum dots and gold nanoparticles
5.5 Sensors on solid supports
5.5.2 Incorporation of sensors into devices
5.6 Other sensing schemes utilizing electrochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging
5.7 Conclusions and future perspective
2 Separation Technologies
6 Nanostructured Membranes for Water Purification
6.2 Conducting PAA membranes
6.2.1 PAA membranes for nanofiltration of ENPs
6.2.2 Application of PAA membranes for absolute disinfection of drinking water
7 Advances in Nanostructured Membranes for Water Desalination
7.2 Desalination technologies
7.2.1 State of the art in RO
7.2.2 State of the art in MD
7.3 Nanostructured membranes
7.3.1 Nanozeolite membranes
7.3.2 Clay nanocomposite membranes
7.3.3.1 CNT composite membrane
7.3.3.2 Aligned CNT membrane
7.3.3.3 Interfacial polymerization synthesis of thin film nanocomposite membrane
7.3.3.4 Carbon nanotube immobilized membrane
7.4 Application of nanostructured membranes
7.4.1 CNT membranes in RO
7.4.2 CNT membranes in MD
7.5 Commercial efforts to date
7.6 Future challenge of energy-efficient CNT membranes for desalination
8 Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Film- and Membrane-Based Photocatalysis for Water Treatment
8.1 TiO2 photocatalysis and challenges
8.2 Sol–gel synthesis of porous TiO2: surfactant self-assembling
8.3 Immobilization of TiO2 in the form of films and membranes
8.4 Activation of TiO2 under visible light irradiation
8.5 Selective decomposition of target contaminants
8.6 Versatile environmental applications
8.7 Suggestions and implications
9 Nanotechnology-Based Membranes for Water Purification
9.2 Zeolite-coated ceramic membranes
9.3 Inorganic–organic TFN membranes
9.4 Hybrid protein–polymer biomimetic membranes
9.5 Aligned CNT membranes
9.6 Self-assembled block copolymer membranes
9.7 Graphene-based membranes
10 Multifunctional Nanomaterial-Enabled Membranes for Water Treatment
10.2 Nanostructured membranes with functional nanoparticles
10.2.1 Overview of recent progress in the development of multifunctional membranes
10.2.2 Porous polymer nanocomposite membranes: structural aspects
10.2.3 Example: effect of filler incorporation route on the structure and biocidal properties of polysulfone-silver nanocom...
10.2.4 Example: Self-cleaning membrane for ozonation–ultrafiltration hybrid process
10.3 Potential future research directions
11 Nanofluidic Carbon Nanotube Membranes: Applications for Water Purification and Desalination
11.1 Introduction: carbon nanotube membrane technology for water purification
11.2 Basic structure and properties of carbon nanotubes
11.3 Water transport in carbon nanotube pores: an MD simulation view
11.3.1 Water inside carbon nanotubes
11.3.2 Carbon nanotubes as biological channel analogs
11.4 Fabrication of carbon nanotube membranes
11.4.1 Polymeric/CNT membranes
11.4.2 Silicon nitride CNT membranes
11.4.3 CNT polymer network fabrication
11.5 Experimental observations of water transport in double-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotube membranes
11.6 Nanofiltration properties of carbon nanotube membranes
11.6.1 Size exclusion experiments in the 1–10nm size range
11.6.2 Ion exclusion in carbon nanotube membranes
11.7 Altering transport selectivity by membrane functionalization
11.8 Is energy-efficient desalination and water purification with carbon nanotube membranes possible and practical?
12 Design of Advanced Membranes and Substrates for Water Purification and Desalination
12.2 Novel method to make a continuous micro-mesopore membrane with tailored surface chemistry for use in nanofiltration
12.3 Deposition of polyelectrolyte complex films under pressure and from organic solvents
12.4 Solvent resistant hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile membranes
12.5 Polyimides membranes for nanofiltration
13 Customization and Multistage Nanofiltration Applications for Potable Water, Treatment, and Reuse
13.1.1 Nanofiltration membranes as a water treatment solution
13.1.2 Nanofiltration of freshwater sources
13.1.3 Nanofiltration for seawater desalination
13.2 Water treatment and reuse
13.2.1 Nanofiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse
14 Commercialization of Nanotechnology for Removal of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water
14.1 Issues that need to be addressed
14.3 Specific technology used by CCT and results
14.3.1 Synthesis and characterization of materials
14.3.2 Metal binding tests
14.4 Moving technology to the next phase
15 Water Treatment by Dendrimer-Enhanced Filtration: Principles and Applications
15.2 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for cations
15.3 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for anions
15.4 Dendrimer-enhanced filtration: overview and applications
16 Detection and Extraction of Pesticides from Drinking Water Using Nanotechnologies
16.2 The need for nanomaterials and nanotechnology
16.3 Earlier efforts for pesticide removal
16.3.1 Surface adsorption
16.3.2 Biological degradation
16.3.3 Membrane filtration
16.4 Nanomaterials-based chemistry: recent approaches
16.4.1 Homogeneous versus heterogeneous chemistry
16.4.1.4 Deposition–precipitation
16.4.1.5 Vapor phase deposition and grafting
16.4.2 Variety of nanosystems
16.4.2.5 Carbon-based materials
16.5 Pesticide removal from drinking water: a case study
16.5.1 Noble metal nanoparticle-based mineralization of pesticides
16.5.1.1 The mechanism of nanoparticle reactivity
16.5.1.2 Nanoparticle activity based on energy gap
16.5.1.3 Mode of decomposition for organic species
16.5.1.4 New insights on surface chemistry of nanoparticles/clusters
16.5.1.5 Discharge of metal ions in water
16.5.1.6 Effect of atomic arrangement on nanoparticle reactivity
16.5.2 Detection of ultralow pesticide contamination in water
16.5.2.1 Pesticide interaction with biomolecules
16.5.2.2 Pesticide interaction with metal nanoparticles
16.5.2.3 New approaches for pesticide detection
16.5.3 Technology to product: a snapshot view
17 Nanomaterials-Enhanced Electrically Switched Ion Exchange Process for Water Treatment
17.2 Principle of the electrically switched ion exchange technology
17.3 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion exchange for removal of radioactive cesium-137
17.4 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion exchange for removal of chromate and perchlorate
3 Transformation Technologies
18 Nanometallic Particles for Oligodynamic Microbial Disinfection
18.2 Economic impact of modern disinfection systems
18.3 Health impact of water disinfection shortfalls
18.4 Modern disinfection systems
18.5 Nanometallic particles in alternative disinfection systems
18.5.1 Silver nanoparticles
19 Nanostructured Visible-Light Photocatalysts for Water Purification
19.1 Visible-light photocatalysis with titanium oxides
19.2 Sol–gel fabrication of nitrogen-doped titanium oxide nanoparticle photocatalysts
19.3 Metal-ion-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide photocatalysts
19.4 Nanostructured nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-based photocatalysts
19.5 Environmental properties of nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-based photocatalysts
19.6 Conclusions and future directions
20 Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Disinfection and Microbial Control: Merits and Limitations
20.2 Current and potential applications
20.2.4 Combining current technologies with nanotechnology
20.3 Outlook on the role of nanotechnology in microbial control: limitations and research needs
21 Possible Applications of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Water Treatment and Reuse
21.2 Chemistry of fullerene nanomaterials
21.3 Applications of fullerene nanomaterials
21.3.1 Membrane fabrication using fullerene nanomaterials
21.3.2 Oxidation of organic compounds
21.3.3 Bacterial and viral inactivation
22 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reduction for Water Purification: Nanoscale Effects on Catalytic Activity, Selectivity, and Sust...
22.2 Catalytic hydrodehalogenation: iodinated X-ray contrast media
22.3 Selective catalytic nitrate reduction
22.4 Conclusions and prospects
23 Enhanced Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene by Membrane-Supported Iron and Bimetallic Nanoparticles
23.2 Nanoparticle formation
23.2.1 Solution and emulsion techniques
23.2.2 In situ formation of nanoparticles
23.2.3 Addition of secondary metals
23.2.4 Preserving zero-valence
23.5.1 Metal particle composition
23.5.1.1 Supported iron nanoparticles
23.5.1.2 Supported nickel–iron nanoparticles
23.5.1.3 Supported palladium–iron nanoparticles
23.5.2 Absorption in support polymer
24 Synthesis of Nanostructured Bimetallic Particles in Polyligand-Functionalized Membranes for Remediation Applications
24.2 Nanoparticle synthesis in functionalized membranes
24.2.1 Polyvinylidene flouride membrane functionalization with polyacrylic acid
24.2.2 Synthesis of fe-based bimetallic nanoparticles in polyacrylic acid layers
24.3 Characterization of polyacrylic acid functionalized membranes
24.4 Characterization of nanoparticles in membranes
24.4.1 Chelation interaction between ferrous ions and polyacrylic acid
24.4.2 Fe/Pd nanoparticle characterization
24.5 Reactivity of membrane-based nanoparticles
24.5.1 Catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene
24.5.2 Effect of dopant material and nanoparticle structure
24.5.3 Catalytic hydrodechlorination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls
24.5.4 Dechlorination efficiency of different polychlorinated biphenyls
24.5.5 Catalytic activity as a function of palladium coating content
25 Magnesium-Based Corrosion Nano-Cells for Reductive Transformation of Contaminants
25.2 Magnesium-based bimetallic systems
25.3 Unique corrosion properties of magnesium
25.4 Doping nanoscale palladium onto magnesium—modified alcohol reduction route
25.5 Role of nanosynthesis in assuaging concerns from palladium usage
25.6 Challenges in nanoscaling magnesium
25.7 Other environmental applications
4 Stabilization Technologies
26 Multifunctional Materials Containing Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron in Carbon Microspheres for the Environmentally Benign Rem...
26.2.1 Adsorption and reactivity studies
26.3 Stability and transport characteristics
26.4 Partitioning at TCE–water interfaces
27 Water Decontamination Using Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
27.2 Synthesis and properties of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles
27.2.1 Iron nanoparticles
27.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles
27.3 Removal of pollutants through sorption/dechlorination by iron/iron oxide nanoparticles
27.3.1 Removal of arsenic in water
27.3.2 Removal of chromium in water
27.3.3 Removal of phosphates in water
27.3.4 Removal of chloro-organics in water
27.3.5 Removal of E. coli in Water
28 Nanotechnology for Contaminated Subsurface Remediation: Possibilities and Challenges
28.2 Sources of groundwater contamination and remediation costs
28.3 Remediation alternatives
28.4 Contaminated site remediation via reactive nanomaterials
28.5 Example of contaminated site remediation via reactive nanometals
29 Green Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium Using Naturally Derived Flavonoids and Engineered Nanoparticles
29.2 Nanotechnologies for site remediation and wastewater treatment
29.2.1 Bimetallic nanoparticles remediation approach
29.2.2 Remediation of chromium using nanotechnology
29.2.3 Determination of Cr(VI) concentration
29.2.4 Removal of Cr(VI) from complex aqueous media
29.3 Naturally occurring flavonoids as reducing agents for hexavalent chromium
30 Physicochemistry of Polyelectrolyte Coatings that Increase Stability, Mobility, and Contaminant Specificity of Reactive ...
30.1 Challenges of using reactive nanomaterials for in situ groundwater remediation
30.2 Polymeric surface modification/functionalization
30.2.1 Definitions and materials
30.2.2 Nanoparticle surface modification approaches
30.3 Effect of surface modifiers on the mobility of nanomaterials in the subsurface
30.3.1 Colloidal forces and Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory
30.3.1.1 Bare nanoparticles
30.3.1.2 Polymer-modified nanoparticles
30.3.2 Adsorbed layer characterization
30.4 Contaminant targeting of polymeric functionalized nanoparticles
30.5 Effect of surface modification/functionalization on contaminant degradation
30.6 Remaining challenges and ongoing research and development opportunities
31 Stabilization of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Enhanced In Situ Destruction of Chlorinated Solvents in Soils and Gr...
31.2 Stabilization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using polysaccharides
31.3 Reactivity of starch- or carboxymethyl-cellulose-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles
32 Reducing Leachability and Bioaccessibility of Toxic Metals in Soils, Sediments, and Solid/Hazardous Wastes Using Stabili...
32.1 Reductive immobilization of chromate in soil and water using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles
32.1.2 Reduction and removal of Cr(VI) in water
32.1.3 Reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) sorbed in soil
32.2 In situ immobilization of lead in soils using stabilized vivianite nanoparticles
32.3 Mechanisms of nanoparticle stabilization by carboxymethyl cellulose
33 Introduction to Societal Issues: The Responsible Development of Nanotechnology for Water
34 Nanotechnology in Water: Societal, Ethical, and Environmental Considerations
34.2 Responsible development: ethical, social, and environmental concerns
34.2.1 Access, parity, and effects of technology deployment
34.2.2 Human health and environmental effects
34.3 Public engagement: what role should the public have?
35.2 Population and technological impacts on water
35.4 Corruption, mismanagement, and overconsumption
35.5 Climate change and global warming
35.6 Patents: parity and access issues
35.9.1 Biofuels introduction
35.9.2 Worldwide biofuels policy
35.9.3 Biofuels: solution to or creation of a problem?
35.9.4 Possible ways forward for biofuels
36 A Framework for Using Nanotechnology to Improve Water Quality
36.3.1 Interactional expertise
36.6 Anticipatory governance
36.6.1 Expert elicitation as a method for facilitating anticipatory governance
37 International Governance Perspectives on Nanotechnology Water Innovation
38 Nanoscience and Water: Public Engagement at and Below the Surface
38.2 Water and the public
38.3 Nanotechnology treatment strategies
38.4.2 Point-of-use systems
38.5 Water and public engagement
38.5.2 Point-of-use strategies
39 How Can Nanotechnologies Fulfill the Needs of Developing Countries?
39.1 Nanotechnologies and developing countries
39.2 How can nanotechnologies deliver public value?
39.3 Nanodialogues in Zimbabwe
39.4 Balancing risk and opportunity
40 Challenges to Implementing Nanotechnology Solutions to Water Issues in Africa
40.2 Community involvement or ownership
40.3 Community need for the technology
40.4 Community water quality monitoring
40.6 Capacity development
40.7 Improvements in quality of life
40.8 Commercialization of nanotechnologies
41 Life Cycle Inventory of Semiconductor Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots for Environmental Applications
41.2 Applications and synthesis of quantum dots
41.4 Life cycle inventory of synthesis of CdSe quantum dots
41.5 Conclusions and future perspective
Nanotechnology Solutions for Improving Water Quality
Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water
：Solutions for Improving Water Quality
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