Sleep Disorders Part I :Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab) ( Volume 98 )

Publication subTitle :Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)

Publication series :Volume 98

Author: Montagna   Pasquale;Chokroverty   Sudhansu  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2012

E-ISBN: 9780444534811

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780444520067

P-ISBN(Hardback):  9780444520067

Subject: R741 Neurology

Language: ENG

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Description

Sleep Disorders Part 1 offers a glimpse of developments that focus on diagnostic techniques in the field of neurobiology of sleep. This part discusses the models of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanism; issues regarding sleep states, stages, and memory consolidation; and advances in the understanding of the sleep-wake genes, gene products, the circadian clock, and the role of sleep duration. This book explains noninvasive neuroimaging studies, particularly positron emission tomographic and single photon emission computed tomographic scans. It further discusses advances in clinical science, including concepts about neurobiology of sleep, narcolepsy-cataplexy, therapy, and laboratory techniques. The significant advances in therapy have led to the addition of new drugs for the treatment of different sleeping disorders, as described in this book. Sleep is essential to humans. Awareness of its true importance leads to the development and acceptance of sleep medicines in the market.

  • Clinical data on groundbreaking advancements in the understanding of basic sleep science
  • Invaluable information on new therapies and drug protocols for sleep disorders
  • A state-of-the-art reference that includes the role of genetics in sleep medicine

Chapter

Sleep in the 20th Century

References

Section 2: Basic Science and Methods

Chapter 2: Normal sleep-recording and scoring techniques

Eeg and Eog Correlates of Normal Human Sleep

The Evolution of Recording Technology

References

Chapter 3: Assessment of daytime sleepiness

Introduction

History

Physical Examination

Subjective Testing

Nocturnal Polysomnography

Multiple Sleep Latency Test

Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

Other Testing

Practical Applications

References

Chapter 4: Actigraphic monitoring of sleep and circadian rhythms

Introduction

Applications

The Acceleration Signal: Movement and Artifact

Placement of the Actigraph

Estimating Sleep-Wake State and Sleep Parameters

Comparison With Polysomnography

Circadian and Diurnal Rhythms

Perspectives

References

Chapter 5: Video recordings and video polysomnography

Introduction

Indications

Methodology

Interpretation

Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Functional neuroimaging in sleep, sleep deprivation,and sleep disorders

Introduction

Neuroimaging in Normal Humans

Neuroimaging in Sleep Disorders

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Section 3: Basic Mechanisms of Sleep

Chapter 7: The phylogeny of sleep

Introduction

The Definition of Sleep

Invertebrates

Insects

Fish and Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds and Mammals

The Phylogeny of Sleep and Human Sleep Disorders

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Ontogeny of EEG sleep from neonatalthrough infancy periods

Caveats Concerning Neurophysiologic Interpretation of State

General Comments on Recording Techniques and Instrumentation for Neonates and Infants

Maturation of Electrographic Patterns in the Neonate

Maturation of Non-Eeg Physiologic Behaviors Which Define State in the Preterm Infant

Assessment of State Organization in the Full-Term Infant

Sleep Ontogenesis - State Maturation From Fetal Through Infancy Periods

Brain Adaptation to Stress As Reflected in Sleep Reorganization

Computer-Assisted Analyses of Eeg Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants

Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 9: Neurobiology of waking and sleeping

Historical Background

The Reticular Activating System

Forebrain Relays of the Activating System

Diffusely Projecting Arousal Systems

Sleep-Promoting Systems

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10: Neurobiology of REM sleep

Introduction

Rem Sleep Physiology and Relevant Brain Anatomy

Rem-Suppressive Systems: Rem-off Neurons

Gabaergic Influences And Rem Sleep

A Model of Rem Sleep Generation Incorporating Gabaergic Neurons

Orexin Effects and Modeling Circadian Control of Rem Sleep

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 11: Neurochemistry of sleep: an overview of animalexperimental work

Neuronal Network Responsible for Sleep Onset and Maintenance

Neuronal Network Responsible for Paradoxical (Rem) Sleep Onset and Maintenance

Conclusion: a New Network Model for Ps Onset and Maintenance (Figure 11.2)

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12: Molecular neurobiology of sleep

A Cellular Function for Sleep

Gene Expression Profiling of Sleep and Wakefulness

Genetic Studies of Sleep and Wakefulness

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 13: Manifestations and functional implicationsof sleep homeostasis

Definition

Physiological Correlates of Sleep Homeostasis

Modeling Sleep Regulation

Correlates of Sleep Homeostasis in the Waking Eeg

Use-Dependent Changes

Perspectives

References

Chapter 14: Thermoregulation in wakefulness and sleep in humans

Thermoregulation

Sleep Structure and Age

Sleep and Thermoregulation

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: Cytokines in immune function and sleep regulation

Sleep

Humoral Regulation of Sleep

Cytokines in Sleep Regulation

Interferons and Sleep

Altered Sleep as an Acute-Phase Response: Mediators and Mechanisms

A Theory of the Brain Organization of Sleep: Cytokine Involvement in "Local" Sleep

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: Endocrine and metabolic changes during sleep

Introduction

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Somatotrophic System

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid (Hpt) System

Leptin and Ghrelin

Insulin

Prolactin

Other Neuropeptides

Melatonin

Gonadal Hormones

Neuroactive Steroids

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 17: Sleep, memory, and molecular neurobiology

New Experimental Paradigms and Technological Advances

Types of Memory

Rem Sleep and Memory

Nrem Sleep and Memory

Biochemical and Genetic Factors

Implications

Section 4: Clinical Aspects of Sleep Disorders

Chapter 18: Epidemiology of sleep disorders

Epidemiological Methods In Sleep Medicine

Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders

Sleep Length: Natural Short And Long Sleepers

Daytime Sleepiness

Narcolepsy

Snoring and Sleep Apnea

Parasomnias

Restless-Legs Syndrome

Sleep-Related Isolated Symptoms

References

Chapter 19: Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular physiology in sleep

Cardiovascular Physiology During Sleep

Cardiovascular Effects of Arousal

Circadian Variation in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events

Cerebrovascular Physiology During Sleep

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Central Sleep Apnea

Conclusions

References

Chapter 20: Cardiovascular diseases and sleep apnea

Introduction

Definitions

Polysomnography

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Manifestations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive Sleep Apnea is an Inflammatory Disorder Resulting in Cardiocerebrovascular Disorders

Cardiovascular Complications Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Osa as a Cause of Mortality

Treatment of Osa

Sleep Apnea in Patients With Established Congestive Heart Failure

References

Chapter 21: Alterations in gastrointestinal functioning during sleep

Upper Gi Functioning During Sleep

Conclusions

References

Chapter 22: Sleep and genitourinary systems: physiology and disorders

Introduction

Sleep and the Genitourinary System

References

Chapter 23: Sleep enuresis

Definitions and Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Treatment, Theoretic Considerations

Practical Management

References

Chapter 24: Respiratory physiology in sleep and wakefulness

Introduction

Central Neuronal Control Of Breathing

Feedback Regulation Of Respiration

Airway Resistance and Respiratory Muscle Tone

Arousal Thresholds

References

Chapter 25: Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, risk factors,and pathophysiology

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Brief History

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Summary

References

Chapter 26: Upper-airway resistance syndrome

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical Symptoms

Physical Examination

Pathophysiology

Treatment

References

Chapter 27: Central sleep apnea

Definition

Hypercapnic Central Sleep Apnea and Sleep Hypoventilation Syndrome

Hypocapnic Central Apnea

Complex Sleep Apnea

Conclusion

References

Chapter 28: Positive-pressure treatment of obstructive sleepapnea syndrome

Introduction

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Practical Aspects of Treatment

Autotitrating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Problems and Side-Effects

Comparison With Other Treatments

Compliance

Management of Cpap Failure

Health Outcomes and Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Cpap and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Cpap and Cardiac Failure

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 29: Medical and surgical treatment of obstructive sleepapnea syndrome, including dental appliances

Introduction

Lifestyle Modification

Pharmacotherapy

Oxygen

Miscellaneous Devices

Dental Appliances

Upper-Airway Surgery

References

Chapter 30: Noninvasive positive ventilation in the treatmentof sleep-related breathing disorders

Introduction

Nippv Methods and Uses

Criteria for Use of Nippv

Nippv Survival in Different Diseases

Indications for Nippv

Management of Nippv

Management of Complications

Nippv Effects (Other than Survival) and Related Mechanisms

Conclusion

References

Chapter 31: Sleep and pulmonary diseases

Historical Perspective of Sleep and Pulmonary Diseases

Introduction

Specific Etiologies

Whom to Study

How to Treat

Final Remarks

Summary

Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Sleep-associated respiratory disorders and theirpsychobehavioral consequences in children

Sleep Disturbances in Children

Behavioral Consequences Of Sleep Disturbance

Psychobehavioral Consequences of Sleep Disruption in Sdb

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 33: Sudden death in infants during sleep

Definitions

Pathologic Examinations

Incidence

Risk and Protective Factors

Model for Sids

Mechanisms Implicated in Sids Deaths

Physiopathology

Conclusion

References

Chapter 34: Neurobiology and the neurological basis of dreaming

Background

Clinicoanatomical Findings

Functional Neuroimaging Findings

Neurochemical and Psychopharmacological Findings

Theoretical Considerations

References

Chapter 35: Abnormal dreams and nightmare disorders

Introduction

Clinical Disorders and Abnormalities of Dreaming

Abnormalities of Dreaming That May Not Present as Clinical Complaints

An Unusual Variant of Normal Dreaming

References

Chapter 36: Sleep and psychiatric diseases

Introduction

Depression

Mania

Anxiety

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (Ocd)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)

Schizophrenia

References

Chapter 37: Sleep-related eating disorder

History of Night Eating as A Clinical Condition

Characteristics of Sred

Differential Diagnosis Of Sred and Nes

Prevalence

Consequences

Associations With Other Disorders

Physiology of Sred

Treatment

Summary

References

Chapter 38: Alcohol, toxins, and medications as a causeof sleep dysfunction

Introduction

Drugs of Abuse

Prescribed Medications

Heavy Metals

References

Chapter 39: Sleep, pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome

Introduction: the Problem of Sleep Disturbance and Pain

Sleep and Pain Interaction

Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Diagnosis of Fm and Cfs

Summary and Recommendations

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 40: Women and sleep

Objective Differences in Females' Sleep

Subjective Differences in Women's Sleep

Hormonal Factors

Physiologic Changes Over the Lifespan

Differences in Female Psychosocial Issues and the Impact on Sleep

Conclusions

References

Chapter 41: Normal and abnormal sleep in the elderly

Introduction

Sleep and Aging

Insomnia

Circadian Rhythm Disturbances

Primary Sleep Disorders

Sleep in Dementia

Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Subject Index

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