Front Cover

Encyclopedia of the Solar System

Copyright

Contents

Foreword*

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

About the Editors

Contributors

Part I - The Solar System

Chapter 1 - The Solar System and Its Place in the Galaxy

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE DEFINITION OF A PLANET

3 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

4 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

5 THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S PLACE IN THE GALAXY

6 THE FATE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 2 - The Origin of the Solar System

1 INTRODUCTION

2 STAR FORMATION AND PROTOPLANETARY DISKS

3 METEORITES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

4 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND SHORT-LIVED ISOTOPES

5 EARLY STAGES OF PLANETARY GROWTH

6 FORMATION OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

7 THE ASTEROID BELT

8 GROWTH OF GAS AND ICE GIANT PLANETS

9 PLANETARY SATELLITES

10 EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

11 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 3 - Solar System Dynamics: Regular and Chaotic Motion

1 INTRODUCTION: KEPLERIAN MOTION

2 THE TWO-BODY PROBLEM

3 PLANETARY PERTURBATIONS AND THE ORBITS OF SMALL BODIES

4 CHAOTIC MOTION

5 ORBITAL EVOLUTION OF MINOR BODIES

6 LONG-TERM STABILITY OF PLANETARY ORBITS

7 DISSIPATIVE FORCES AND THE ORBITS OF SMALL BODIES

8 CHAOTIC ROTATION

9 EPILOG

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part II - Fundamental Planetary Processes and Properties

Chapter 4 - Planetary Impacts

1 IMPACT CRATERS

2 IMPACT PROCESSES

3 IMPACTS AND PLANETARY EVOLUTION

4 IMPACTS AS PLANETARY PROBES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 5 - Planetary Volcanism

1 SUMMARY OF PLANETARY VOLCANIC FEATURES

2 CLASSIFICATION OF ERUPTIVE PROCESSES

3 EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS AND LAVA FLOWS

4 EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS

5 INFERENCES ABOUT PLANETARY INTERIORS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 6 - Magnetic Field Generation in Planets

1 PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS

2 THE DYNAMO MECHANISM

3 THE STANDARD PLANETARY DYNAMO

4 SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS

5 PLANETARY DYNAMOS

6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 7 - Planetary Magnetospheres

1 WHAT IS A MAGNETOSPHERE?

2 TYPES OF MAGNETOSPHERES

3 PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS

4 MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMAS

5 DYNAMICS

6 INTERACTIONS WITH MOONS

7 CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 8 - Rotation of Planets

INTRODUCTION

1 OBSERVED ROTATION STATE OF PLANETS

2 ORIGIN AND LONG-TERM SPIN EVOLUTION

3 LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF THE ORIENTATION

4 ROTATIONAL FLATTENING OF PLANETS

5 PRECESSION

6 NUTATION

7 LOD VARIATIONS

8 LIBRATION

9 WOBBLES AND THE INTERIORS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

10 OBSERVATION OF THE ROTATION OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 9 - Evolution of Planetary Interiors

1 INTRODUCTION

2 FORMATION AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF TERRESTRIAL BODIES

3 SUBSOLIDUS CONVECTION

4 ROCK RHEOLOGY AND MODES OF CONVECTION

5 MODELING INTERIOR DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION

6 CONSTRAINTS ON AND MODELS OF THE EVOLUTION OF PLANETARY INTERIORS

7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 10 - Astrobiology

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WHAT IS LIFE?

3 THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH

4 THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

5 LIMITS TO LIFE

6 LIFE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

7 HOW TO SEARCH FOR LIFE ON MARS, EUROPA, OR ENCELADUS

8 LIFE ABOUT OTHER STARS

9 CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part III - The Sun

Chapter 11 - The Sun

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE SOLAR INTERIOR

3 THE PHOTOSPHERE

4 THE CHROMOSPHERE AND TRANSITION REGION

5 THE CORONA

6 SOLAR FLARES AND CMES

7 FINAL COMMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 12 - The Solar Wind

1 DISCOVERY

2 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES IN THE ECLIPTIC PLANE AT 1AU

3 NATURE OF THE HELIOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD

4 CORONAL AND SOLAR WIND STREAM STRUCTURE

5 THE HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET AND SOLAR LATITUDE EFFECTS

6 EVOLUTION OF STREAM STRUCTURE WITH HELIOCENTRIC DISTANCE

7 CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AND TRANSIENT SOLAR WIND DISTURBANCES

8 VARIATION WITH DISTANCE FROM THE SUN

9 TERMINATION OF THE SOLAR WIND

10 KINETIC PROPERTIES OF THE PLASMA

11 HEAVY ION CONTENT

12 ENERGETIC PARTICLES

13 TURBULENCE AND MAGNETIC FIELD AND VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS

14 CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part IV - Earthlike Planets

Chapter 13 - Mercury

1 EXPLORATION OF MERCURY

2 GENERAL PLANETARY CHARACTERISTICS

3 MOTION AND TEMPERATURE

4 INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC FIELD

5 EXOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE

6 GEOLOGIC FEATURES

7 RECENT SURFACE FEATURES

8 HISTORY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 14 - Venus: Atmosphere

1 INTRODUCTION AND OBSERVATIONS

2 ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES

3 COMPOSITION

4 CLOUDS AND HAZES

5 GENERAL CIRCULATION AND DYNAMICS

6 EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 15 - Venus: Surface and Interior

1 INTRODUCTION

2 HISTORY OF VENUS EXPLORATION

3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

4 IMPACT CRATERS AND RESURFACING HISTORY

5 INTERIOR PROCESSES

6 COMPOSITION

7 VOLCANISM

8 TECTONICS

9 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Journal Articles Special Issues

Web Sites

Chapter 16 - Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions

1 INTRODUCTION

2 VOLATILE INVENTORIES AND THEIR HISTORY

3 PRESENT AND PAST CLIMATES

4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 17 - Mars: Surface and Interior

1 MARS EXPLORATION

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

3 IMPACT CRATERING

4 VOLCANISM

5 TECTONICS

6 CANYONS

7 WATER

8 ICE

9 WIND

10 POLES

11 THE VIEW FROM THE SURFACE

12 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 18 - Interior Structure and Evolution of Mars

1 INTRODUCTION

2 FORMATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MARS

3 CORE

4 MANTLE

5 CRUST

6 PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL INTERIOR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION

7 GLOBAL INTERIOR STRUCTURE OF MARS

8 EVOLUTION OF MARS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 19 - Mars: Landing Site Geology, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry

1 INTRODUCTION TO MARS EXPLORATIION

2 LANDING SITES ON MARS

3 MARS LANDING SITES IN REMOTELY SENSED DATA

4 LANDING SITE GEOLOGY

5 LANDING SITE MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

6 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF MARS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part V - Earth and Moon as Planets

Chapter 20 - Earth as a Planet: Atmosphere and Oceans

1 OVERVIEW OF PLANETARY CHARACTERISTICS

2 VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

3 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

4 OCEANS

5 CLIMATE

6 LIFE IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM

7 CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 21 - Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior

1 INTRODUCTION: THE EARTH AS A GUIDE TO OTHER PLANETS

2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF EARTH

3 EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES

4 TOOLS FOR STUDYING EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR

5 SEISMIC SOURCES

6 EARTH'S RADIAL STRUCTURE

7 EARTH IN THREE DIMENSIONS

8 EARTH AS A ROSETTA STONE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 22 - Space Weather

1 THE SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC ROLES IN SPACE WEATHER

2 THE GEOSPACE ROLE IN SPACE WEATHER

3 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF SPACE WEATHER

4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SPACE WEATHER

5 IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANETARY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

6 EPILOGUE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 23 - The Moon

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE ORBIT OF THE MOON

3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

4 ORIGIN OF THE MOON

5 THE MAGMA OCEAN

6 THE INTERIOR OF THE MOON

7 THE LUNAR CRUST AND LUNAR TERRANES

8 LUNAR ROCKS

9 SURFACE OF THE MOON

10 LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY AND SURFACE AGES

11 THE REGOLITH

12 THE APOLLO AND LUNA LANDING SITES

13 SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDING SITES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF GLOBAL DATA SETS

14 LUNAR VOLATILES

15 LUNAR ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 24 - Interior of the Moon

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BULK LUNAR PROPERTIES

3 METHODS USED TO PROBE THE LUNAR INTERIOR

4 LUNAR INTERNAL STRUCTURE

5 IMPLICATIONS FOR LUNAR FORMATION AND EVOLUTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 25 - Lunar Exploration

1 INTRODUCTION

2 TELESCOPIC EXPLORATION OF THE MOON

3 THE EARLY SPACE AGE

4 THE APOLLO PROGRAM

5 POST-APOLLO EXPLORATION

6 LETTING THE MOON COME TO US: THE IMPORTANCE OF LUNAR METEORITES FOR LUNAR EXPLORATION

7 FUTURE LUNAR EXPLORATION OBJECTIVES

8 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites

Part VI - Asteroids, Dust and Comets

Chapter 26 - Main-Belt Asteroids

1 INTRODUCTION TO ASTEROIDS

2 LOCATIONS AND ORBITS

3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION

4 PUZZLES AND PROMISE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 27 - Near-Earth Objects

1 INTRODUCTION

2 SIGNIFICANCE

3 ORIGINS

4 POPULATION

5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

6 IN SITU STUDIES

7 IMPACT HAZARDS

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 28 - Meteorites

1 INTRODUCTION

2 METEORITE CLASSIFICATION

3 METEORITES OF ASTEROIDAL ORIGIN

4 METEORITES FROM LARGER BODIES

5 CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES

6 COMPONENTS OF CHONDRITES

7 METEORITE CHRONOMETRY

8 EPILOGUE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 29 - Dust in the Solar System

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MANIFESTATIONS OF COSMIC DUST

3 DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION

4 FUTURE STUDIES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 30 - Physics and Chemistry of Comets

1 SPACE MISSIONS TO COMETS

2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMET STUDIES

3 PHYSICS OF THE NUCLEUS

4 COMA AND HYDROGEN CLOUD

5 TAILS

6 COMET CHEMISTRY

7 FORMATION AND ULTIMATE FATE OF COMETS

8 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 31 - Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics

1 BASIC ORBITAL DYNAMICS OF COMETS

2 TAXONOMY OF COMETARY ORBITS

3 COMET RESERVOIRS

4 CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part VII - Giant Planets and their Satellites

Chapter 32 - Atmospheres of the Giant Planets

1 INTRODUCTION

2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

3 CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS

4 DYNAMICAL METEOROLOGY OF THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE

5 ENERGETIC PROCESSES IN THE HIGH ATMOSPHERE

6 A WORD ABOUT EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 33 - Interiors of the Giant Planets

1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

2 CONSTRAINTS ON PLANETARY INTERIORS

3 EQUATIONS OF STATE

4 PLANETARY INTERIOR MODELING

5 PLANETARY INTERIOR MODELS

6 JOVIAN PLANET EVOLUTION

7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 34 - Planetary Satellites

1 SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS

2 FORMATION OF SATELLITES

3 OBSERVATIONS OF SATELLITES

4 INDIVIDUAL SATELLITES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 35 - Io: The Volcanic Moon

1 INTRODUCTION

2 IO EXPLORATION

3 IO'S SURFACE

4 IO'S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

5 HEAT FLOW AND INTERIOR

6 ATMOSPHERE, TORUS, AND THE JUPITER ENVIRONMENT

7 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS AND FUTURE EXPLORATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 36 - Europa

1 INTRODUCTION AND EXPLORATION HISTORY

2 FORMATIONAL AND COMPOSITIONAL MODELS

3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE, TIDES, AND GLOBAL TECTONICS

4 LANDFORMS ON EUROPA

5 SURFACE COMPOSITION AND THERMAL STATE

6 SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESSES

7 SURFACE AGE AND EVOLUTION

8 ASTROBIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

9 FUTURE EXPLORATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 37 - Ganymede and Callisto

1 INTRODUCTION

2 EXPLORATION

3 INTERIORS

4 SURFACE MATERIALS

5 IMPACT CRATERS

6 TECTONISM AND VOLCANISM

7 UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND FUTURE EXPLORATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 38 - Titan

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE ATMOSPHERE OF TITAN

3 THE SURFACE OF TITAN

4 THE INTERIOR AND EXCHANGE PROCESSES

5 LOOKING AHEAD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 39 - Enceladus

1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

2 SHAPE, GRAVITY, TOPOGRAPHY

3 SURFACE COMPOSITION

4 SURFACE GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS

5 THE SOUTH POLAR REGION

6 PRESENT-DAY STRUCTURE

7 EVOLUTION

8 CONCLUSIONS

9 THE FUTURE

Chapter 40 - Triton

1 INTRODUCTION

2 DISCOVERY AND ORBIT

3 PRE-VOYAGER ASTRONOMY

4 VOYAGER 2 ENCOUNTER

5 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

6 GEOLOGY

7 ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE

8 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 41 - Planetary Rings

1 INTRODUCTION

2 HOW WE LEARN ABOUT RINGS

3 RINGS BY LOCATION

4 DENSE BROAD DISKS

5 DENSE NARROW RINGS

6 DUSTY RINGS

7 USING RINGS TO PROBE THE SOLAR SYSTEM

8 AGE AND ORIGINS OF RING SYSTEMS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part VIII - Beyond the Planets

Chapter 42 - Pluto

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2 PLUTO'S ORBIT AND SPIN

3 THE MUTUAL EVENTS

4 PLUTO'S SURFACE PROPERTIES AND APPEARANCE

5 PLUTO'S INTERIOR AND BULK COMPOSITION

6 PLUTO'S ATMOSPHERE

7 CHARON

8 THE ORIGIN OF PLUTO'S SATELLITE SYSTEM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 43 - Kuiper Belt: Dynamics

1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2 ORBITAL AND DYNAMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN POPULATION

3 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND ORBITAL PROPERTIES

4 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN POPULATION AND TOTAL MASS

5 ECLIPTIC COMETS

6 THE PRIMORDIAL SCULPTING OF THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN POPULATION

7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 44 - Kuiper Belt Objects: Physical Studies

1 DISCOVERING KUIPER BELT AND CENTAUR OBJECTS

2 NAMING OBJECTS

3 DATABASES OF KNOWN OBJECTS

4 DYNAMICAL CLASSES

5 BRIGHTNESS

6 DIAMETER

7 ALBEDO

8 BRIGHTNESS VARIATION

9 COMPOSITION

10 KBO BINARIES

11 MASS OF THE KUIPER BELT

12 NEW HORIZONS

13 FUTURE WORK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 45 - Extrasolar Planets

1 INTRODUCTION

2 DETECTION TECHNIQUES

3 OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

4 THE KEPLER MISSION

5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part IX - Exploring the Solar System

Chapter 46 - Strategies of Modern Solar System Exploration

1 EXPANDING HUMAN FRONTIERS INTO SPACE

2 A CASE STUDY: HUMAN EXPLORATION OF MARS

3 SPACE EXPLORATION AND SOCIETY

4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 47 - A History of Solar System Studies

1 BABYLONIANS AND GREEKS

2 COPERNICUS AND TYCHO

3 KEPLER AND GALILEO

4 SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

5 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

6 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

7 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PRIOR TO THE SPACE AGE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 48 - X-rays in the Solar System

1 INTRODUCTION

2 EARTH

3 THE MOON

4 MERCURY

5 VENUS

6 MARS

7 JUPITER

8 GALILEAN SATELLITES

9 IO PLASMA TORUS

10 SATURN

11 RINGS OF SATURN

12 COMETS

13 ASTEROIDS

14 HELIOSPHERE

15 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 49 - The Solar System at Ultraviolet Wavelengths

1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF UV ASTRONOMY

2 NATURE OF SOLAR SYSTEM ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS

3 OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

4 OBSERVATIONS OF SOLID SURFACES

5 CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 50 - Infrared Views of the Solar System from Space

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE ZODIACAL DUST CLOUD AND ITS SOURCES

3 A RING OF DUST AROUND THE EARTH'S ORBIT

4 COMETS AND THEIR NATURE

5 ASTEROID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

6 PLUTO AND BEYOND

7 AN EXCITING FUTURE

INFORMATION WEB SITES

Chapter 51 - New Generation Ground-Based Optical/Infrared Telescopes

1 INTRODUCTION

2 ADVANCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TELESCOPES AND IN IMAGE QUALITY

3 ADVANCES WITH DETECTOR ARRAYS

4 ADVANCES IN ADAPTIVE OPTICS (AO)

5 SKY SURVEY TELESCOPES

6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 52 - The Solar System at Radio Wavelengths

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THERMAL EMISSION FROM PLANETARY BODIES

3 NONTHERMAL RADIATION

4 FUTURE OF RADIO ASTRONOMY FOR SOLAR SYSTEM RESEARCH

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 53 - Planetary Radar

1 INTRODUCTION

2 TECHNIQUES

3 TARGET PROPERTIES

4 RADAR MEASUREMENTS OF PLANETARY BODIES

5 THE FUTURE OF PLANETARY RADAR

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 54 - Remote Sensing of Chemical Elements Using Nuclear Spectroscopy

1 INTRODUCTION

2 ORIGIN OF GAMMA RAYS AND NEUTRONS

3 DETECTION OF GAMMA RAYS AND NEUTRONS

4 MISSIONS

5 SCIENCE

6 FUTURE PROSPECTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 55 - Probing the Interiors of Planets with Geophysical Tools

1 INTRODUCTION

2 INVESTIGATING PLANETARY INTERIORS USING SEISMOLOGY

3 INVESTIGATING PLANETARY INTERIORS USING GRAVITY AND DYNAMICS

4 INVESTIGATING PLANETARY INTERIORS USING HEAT FLOW MEASUREMENTS

5 INVESTIGATING PLANETARY INTERIORS USING EM SOUNDING

6 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 56 - Planetary Exploration Missions

1 INTRODUCTION

2 PROGRAM EVOLUTION

3 SUN AND HELIOSPHERE

4 MERCURY

5 VENUS

6 EARTH

7 MOON

8 MARS

9 SMALL BODIES

10 OUTER PLANETS AND MOONS

11 CONCLUSION

Chapter 57 - Exploration and Analysis of Planetary Shape and Topography Using Stereophotogrammetry

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MISSIONS AND CAMERAS

3 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

4 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCESSING

5 QUALITY ASSESSMENT

6 EXAMPLES

7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix

TABLE 1: SELECTED ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE 2: PHYSICAL AND ORBITAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUN, PLANETS AND DWARF PLANETS

TABLE 3: PHYSICAL AND ORBITAL PROPERTIES OF THE SATELLITES OF PLANETS AND DWARF PLANETS

TABLE 4: SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION MISSIONS

Bibliography

Table 4

Glossary

Index