Front Cover

Methods in Behavioral Pharmacology

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1. The use of animal models in behavioral pharmacology

1. Selection of an animal model

2. Conducting controlled animal experiments

3. Selected animal research procedures

4. Species considerations

5. Obtaining approval for animal studies

Literature cited

General references and sources

Chapter 2. Psychotropic screening procedures

1. Introduction

2. General behavioral screening tests

3. Tests for antidepressants

4. Tests for anxiolytics

5. Tests for neuroleptics

6. Tests for cognition enhancers

7. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3. Classical conditioning

1. Procedural aspects

2. Drug effects and classical conditioning

3. Classical conditioning preparations

4. Classical-operant interactions

5. Comparison of drug effects on classical and opérant conditioning

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4. Schedule-controlled behavior: positive reinforcement

1. Introduction

2. Why study schedule-controlled behavior in behavioral pharmacology

3. Dose effect functions

4. Schedules of reinforcement

5. Drug effects on behavior maintained by simple and combined schedules of positive reinforcement

6. Rate-dependency

7. Behavioral context, behavioral and pharmacological history

8. Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 5. Schedule-controlled behavior: negative reinforcement

1. Introduction

2. Signalled avoidance-escape procedures

3. Escape-shock titration

4. Continuous avoidance

5. Stimulus-shock termination procedures

6. Shock-maintained behavior

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6. Drugs and stimulus control: generalization, discrimination and threshold procedures

1. Introduction

2. Behavioral paradigms

3. Experimental variables influencing drug effects on stimulus control

4. Data analysis: signal detection and response repetition

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Complex anddelayed discriminations: automated repeated measures techniques

1. Working memory test paradigms

2. Repeated acquisition tasks

3. Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. their use indelayed conditional discriminations and place discriminations

1. Introduction

2. Delayed conditional discrimination in a radial arm maze

3. Place discrimination in a water tank

4. Advantages and disadvantages

5. General procedures

6. Delayed conditional discrimination in an alley maze

7. Place discrimination in a water tank

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 9. Drug discrimination

1. Introduction

2. Historical considerations

3. Functional models for drug discrimination

4. The dependent variables in drug discrimination

5. Influence of pharmacological factors

6. Influence of behavioural factors

7. Subject (organism) factors

8. Methods based on conditioned taste aversions

9. Drug discrimination database

10. Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. State-dependent learning

1. Procedures used to study state-dependent learning

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 11. Drug self-administration

1. Introduction

2. Intravenous route

3. Intragastric route

4. Intracranial route

5. Intracerebroventricular route

6. Oral route

7. Intramuscular route

8. Pulmonary route

9. Interpretation of data

10. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12. Schedule-induced drug self-administration

Introduction

1. Schedule-induced behavior: an overview

2. The problem of oral drug self-administration

3. Intrinsic pharmacological action: contribution to reinforcing function and to abusive use

4. Non-pharmacological factors in drug abuse

5. Schedule-induced drug self-administration

6. Schedule-induced oral self-administration

7. Schedule-induced intravenous self-administration

8. Comparison of standard monkey intravenous preparation and schedule-induction methods for evaluations of drug reinforcing efficacies

9. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 13. Behavioral factors in drug tolerance

1. Basic definitions

2. General contingency effects

3. Reinforcement loss

4. Role of specific opérant contingencies

5. Identification of important behavioral factors

6. Tolerance to discriminative effects associated with drug administration

7. Future directions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 14. Pavlovian drug conditioning

1. Introduction

2. The basic experimental paradigm

3. Why study Pavlovian drug conditioning?

4. Specification of the experimental events in Pavlovian drug conditioning

5. Experimental design: the importance of controls

6. Pavlovian drug conditioning: an example

7. Pavlovian drug conditioning: what is learned

8. Pavlovian drug conditioning: what is measured

9. Physiological conditioned responses

10. Behavioral conditioned responses

11. General parametric considerations

12. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 15. Electrical brain stimulation reward: a model of drug reward and euphoria

1. The nature of reinforcement and reward

2. The relationship of brain stimulation reward to motivation

3. Brain substrates of reward and aversion

4. Brain stimulation reward procedures and apparatus

5. Methods of measurement of brain stimulation reward

6. Applications of the PRP methods: alcohol, opioids and stimulants

7. Conclusions and future directions

References

Chapter 16. Animal models of stress in pharmacology

Introduction

1. Dependent measures

2. Stress procedures

3. Animal welfare considerations

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 17. Conflict behaviors as animal models for the study of anxiety

1. Introduction and definition of conflict behavior

2. Criteria for the evaluation of conflict paradigms as 'animal models' for anxiety

3. Specific conflict paradigms

4. Summary and conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 18. Methods in the human behavioral pharmacology of drug abuse

1. Subjects

2. Settings

3. Drugs

4. Procedures

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19. Locomotor activity and exploration

1. Introduction

2. Historical and theoretical issues pertaining to exploration and general activity

3. Problems concerning the measurement and interpretation of exploration and spontaneous motor behavior

4. Practical issues in design

5. Methods available for the measurement of locomotor activity

6. Methods available for the measurement of exploration

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 20. Stereotyped behaviour

1. Introduction

2. The development of stereotyped behaviour

3. The measurement of stereotyped behaviour

4. The measurement of the invariance of stereotyped behaviour

5. Summary

References

Chapter 21. Methods in behavioral pharmacology: measurement of aggression

1. Behavioral observations

2. Behavioral paradigms

3. Aggression evoked by CNS manipulations

4. Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 22. The behavioral pharmacology of ingestive behavior

1. Introduction

2. Measurements in feeding studies

3. Feeding experiments in animals

4. Selected other stimuli of feeding

5. Administration of pharmacologie agents

6. Human studies

7. Fluid intake

8. Alcohol

References

Chapter 23. The behavioral pharmacology of sleep

1. Introduction

2. Sleep in humans

3. Sleep in animals

4. Pharmacological models

5. Automated sleep-wake classification

6. Drugs and EEG

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 24. Reproductive behavior in behavioral pharmacology

1. Introduction

2. Male and female sexual behavior in rats

3. Methodology

4. Sexual motivation and partner preference

5. Ontogenty of sexual behavior

6. Effects of short-term factors

7. Neuroendocrine control of sexual activity

8. Effects by 8-OH-DPAT on male rat sexual behavior: an example

9. Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 25. Experimental design and data analysis in behavioral pharmacology

1. How to avoid detecting non-existent experimental effects

2. Analysis of response curves

3. Combining the results from independent studies

4. The measurement of effect size

5. One-subject experiments

6. Measures of change

7. Concluding remarks

References

Subject Index