Chapter
Power and the Intellectuals
Power and the Intellectuals
V. The Political System Under Fire
V. The Political System Under Fire
The Twelfth Party Congress
The Twelfth Party Congress
Limited Reforms, 1963-1964
Limited Reforms, 1963-1964
The New Economic System and Political Change
The New Economic System and Political Change
Theoretical Discussions of Reform
Theoretical Discussions of Reform
The Thirteenth Party Congress
The Thirteenth Party Congress
Response at Higher Levels
Response at Higher Levels
The Process of Succession
The Process of Succession
Part 3. The Politics of Change
Part 3. The Politics of Change
VII. Prelude to Change (January and February)
VII. Prelude to Change (January and February)
Party and Public Uncertainty
Party and Public Uncertainty
VIII. Spontaneity and Consolidation (March and Early April)
VIII. Spontaneity and Consolidation (March and Early April)
The Emergence of Public Opinion
The Emergence of Public Opinion
Rebelliousness at the Grass Roots
Rebelliousness at the Grass Roots
The International Context
The International Context
IX. The Step-By-Step Strategy Challenged (April and Early June)
IX. The Step-By-Step Strategy Challenged (April and Early June)
The Party's Tactics Challenged
The Party's Tactics Challenged
Spontaneous Public Activity
Spontaneous Public Activity
The Split of the Slovak Writers
The Split of the Slovak Writers
X. Reforms amid Tension (June to Mid-July)
X. Reforms amid Tension (June to Mid-July)
The First Reform Measures
The First Reform Measures
Emerging Political Forces
Emerging Political Forces
Polarization of Forces: The Two Thousand Words
Polarization of Forces: The Two Thousand Words
Slovaks and the Federal Question
Slovaks and the Federal Question
XI. The Storm Gathers (Before and After Čierna)
XI. The Storm Gathers (Before and After Čierna)
Outside Pressures Intensify
Outside Pressures Intensify
Confrontation at Čierna Nad Tisou
Confrontation at Čierna Nad Tisou
Preparations for the 14th Congress
Preparations for the 14th Congress
Gathering Crisis in Slovakia
Gathering Crisis in Slovakia
Cracks in Political Unity
Cracks in Political Unity
The Final Presidium Meeting
The Final Presidium Meeting
Part 4. The New Model of Socialism
Part 4. The New Model of Socialism
XII. A New Political System
XII. A New Political System
Reform of Top Party Organs
Reform of Top Party Organs
The Political System Evolves in Practice
The Political System Evolves in Practice
The Party: De Facto Change
The Party: De Facto Change
Public Opinion on the Political System
Public Opinion on the Political System
Human Rights and Constitutional Reform
Human Rights and Constitutional Reform
Fourteenth Congress Perspectives
Fourteenth Congress Perspectives
XIII. Rehabilitation and Justice
XIII. Rehabilitation and Justice
Rehabilitation—Initial Phase
Rehabilitation—Initial Phase
Individual Cases Reexamined
Individual Cases Reexamined
Revelations and Accusations
Revelations and Accusations
The Law on Judicial Rehabilitation
The Law on Judicial Rehabilitation
Extra-Judicial Rehabilitation
Extra-Judicial Rehabilitation
Guarantees for the Future
Guarantees for the Future
XIV. Planned Market Socialism
XIV. Planned Market Socialism
The April Plenum and the Action Program
The April Plenum and the Action Program
Continuing Dissatisfaction and Demands
Continuing Dissatisfaction and Demands
Rehabilitation of the Market and of Enterprise
Rehabilitation of the Market and of Enterprise
Slovakia and Economic Reform
Slovakia and Economic Reform
Management and Enterprise Councils
Management and Enterprise Councils
Councils of the Working People
Councils of the Working People
Trade Unions and the Councils
Trade Unions and the Councils
Economic Reform in Transition
Economic Reform in Transition
XV. Federalism and the Slovak Problem
XV. Federalism and the Slovak Problem
Czech and Slovak Opinion Diverges
Czech and Slovak Opinion Diverges
Economic Aspects of Federalism
Economic Aspects of Federalism
Tripartitism: A Moravian Alternative
Tripartitism: A Moravian Alternative
Official Planning: Progress and Deadlock
Official Planning: Progress and Deadlock
Substantive Questions at Issue
Substantive Questions at Issue
Parity and a Ban on Outvoting
Parity and a Ban on Outvoting
The Division of Jurisdiction
The Division of Jurisdiction
Part 5. Contending Political and Social Forces
Part 5. Contending Political and Social Forces
XVI. Conflicting Tendencies in the Party
XVI. Conflicting Tendencies in the Party
"Conservatives," "Progressives," and "Anti-Socialists"
"Conservatives," "Progressives," and "Anti-Socialists"
Party Division: Rank and File
Party Division: Rank and File
Party Officials and Functionaries
Party Officials and Functionaries
Presidium and Secretariat
Presidium and Secretariat
XVII. Non-Communists and Public Opinion
XVII. Non-Communists and Public Opinion
Public Opinion and Politics
Public Opinion and Politics
Public Opinion and Reform
Public Opinion and Reform
The Non-Communist Parties
The Non-Communist Parties
Prospects for New Parties
Prospects for New Parties
New Parties and Public Opinion
New Parties and Public Opinion
The National Front in Public Opinion
The National Front in Public Opinion
XVIII. Social Groups and Organizations
XVIII. Social Groups and Organizations
The Working Class and the Unions
The Working Class and the Unions
Farmers and Farmers' Organizations
Farmers and Farmers' Organizations
Young People and Students
Young People and Students
Part 6. The International Context
Part 6. The International Context
XIX. A Foreign Policy with "Its Own Face"
XIX. A Foreign Policy with "Its Own Face"
Foreign Policy with "A New Face"
Foreign Policy with "A New Face"
A National Path to Socialism
A National Path to Socialism
Bloc and Foreign Relations
Bloc and Foreign Relations
Strengthening the Warsaw Pact
Strengthening the Warsaw Pact
Foreign Trade and Comecon
Foreign Trade and Comecon
The German Question and European Security
The German Question and European Security
XX. The Reactions of the Ruling Communist Parties
XX. The Reactions of the Ruling Communist Parties
Hungary: Sympathetic Concern
Hungary: Sympathetic Concern
Bulgaria: Belated Antagonism
Bulgaria: Belated Antagonism
Albania: A Plague on Both Houses
Albania: A Plague on Both Houses
XXI. Military Intervention
XXI. Military Intervention
Were the Soviet Troops Invited?
Were the Soviet Troops Invited?
The Decision to Invade—When?
The Decision to Invade—When?
The Decision to Invade—Why?
The Decision to Invade—Why?
The Problem of the Intellectuals
The Problem of the Intellectuals
Bloc Unity and Divergency
Bloc Unity and Divergency
Diversity of Communist Reactions
Diversity of Communist Reactions
Dissidence in the Invading States
Dissidence in the Invading States
Western Response: NATO and the UN
Western Response: NATO and the UN
XXII. Resistance and Capitulation
XXII. Resistance and Capitulation
The Fiasco of Collaboration Attempts
The Fiasco of Collaboration Attempts
An Extraordinary Party Congress
An Extraordinary Party Congress
CC Approval of Moscow Agreements
CC Approval of Moscow Agreements
Epilogue. Dubček's Decline and Fall
Epilogue. Dubček's Decline and Fall
Conclusion: Reform, Revolution, or Counterrevolution?
Conclusion: Reform, Revolution, or Counterrevolution?
Revolutionary Aspects of 1968
Revolutionary Aspects of 1968
Could the Experiment Succeed?
Could the Experiment Succeed?
Was Dubček's Strategy at Fault?
Was Dubček's Strategy at Fault?
The "Czech Question" in New Form
The "Czech Question" in New Form
A. Members of CPCz Presidium and Secretariat, 1968
A. Members of CPCz Presidium and Secretariat, 1968
B. Poll of Party Delegates, 1968
B. Poll of Party Delegates, 1968
C. Federation and the Nationalities Law
C. Federation and the Nationalities Law
Czechoslovakias Interrupted Revolution
：Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution
( Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Toronto )
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