Cover

Title

Copyright

Contents

Plates

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One: Discipline-Building in Chemistry

1 Scientific Disciplines: The Construction of Identity

The Study of Scientific Disciplines, Schools, and Traditions

Elements of Identity in the History of Scientific Disciplines

2 The Historical Demarcation of Chemistry and Physics: Founder Myths and Social Realities

The Historical Problem of the Relation of Chemistry to Physics

Historical Accounts of the Origins of Chemistry and Physics as Disciplines

Academies and Societies

Journals for the Physical and Chemical Sciences

Lecture Traditions in Chemistry and Physics

Laboratories for Chemistry and Physics

Conclusion: History and Hierarchy

3 Philosophy of Chemistry and Chemical Philosophy: Epistemological Values in the Nineteenth Century

The Epistemology of Chemistry

Early Chemical Philosophy: Aims and Methods

Natural History and Chemical Explanation in the Nineteenth Century

Atomism and Chemical Explanation in the Nineteenth Century

Mechanics, the Elusive Dream

4 Language and Image in Nineteenth-Century Chemistry

Signs and Meanings

Metaphors and Definitions

Nomenclature and Taxonomy

Symbols and Algebraic Formulas

Symbols and Structural Formulas

Part Two: Chemical Problems and Research Schools

5 Physical Chemistry as Theoretical Chemistry: A Dynamics for Matter at the Turn of the Century

The Disciplinary Origins of Physical Chemistry

The Limits of Classical Organic Chemistry

From Chemical Affinity to Chemical Thermodynamics

The Controversy over the Radiation Hypothesis

Ions, Electrons, and Affinity

6 The Paris School of Theoretical Organic Chemistry, 1880–1930

Theoretical Physics and Physical Chemistry at the End of the Nineteenth Century

French Chemistry and the Education of Robert Lespieau ca. 1890

The Practice of Organic Chemistry at the Ecole Normale, 1904–1934

Theoretical Chemistry at the Ecole Normale, 1922–1934

The Theory of "Synionie" and French Theoretical Chemistry

The "French" and "Anglo-Saxon" Schools of Theoretical Organic Chemistry

Lespieau's Research School and the Discipline of Theoretical Chemistry

7 The London-Manchester School of Theoretical Organic Chemistry, 1880–1930

The London-Manchester Network (and the German Connection)

Problems of Molecular Structure and Dynamics ca. 1900

Lapworth and Lowry in London: Theories for Organic Chemistry

Manchester Chemistry and Physics in the Early Twentieth Century

A Theory of Chemical Dynamics

Manchester-London Controversies, 1922–1928

Some Comparisons and Preliminary Conclusions

8 Reaction Mechanisms: Christopher lngold and the Integration of Physical and Organic Chemistry, 1920–1950

The Career of Christopher Ingold

"Classical" Structure Chemistry versus Polar Chemistry

Conjugated Systems and Resonance

Principles for Aliphatic and Aromatic Substitution

A General Theory for a New Physical Organic Chemistry

Part Three: Converging Traditions and Rival Disciplines

9 Quantum Chemistry and Chemical Physics, 1920–1950

The Application of Quantum Mechanics to Molecules in the 1920s

Chemists and Quantum Mechanics in the 1920s and 1930s

Quantum Chemistry and Chemical Physics in the 1930s and 1940s

10 Conclusion: Theoretical Chemistry, Discipline-Building, and the Commensurability of Physics and Chemistry

Physics Is Chemistry/Chemistry Is Physics?

Discipline-Building and Theoretical Chemistry

Theoretical Chemistry and the Distinctiveness of Chemistry

Glossary

Bibliography

Index

Index of Names

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Index of Subjects

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Photo Section