Chapter
CHITOSAN: MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES, AND USAGE
CHITOSAN: MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES, AND USAGE
Chapter 1 CHITOSAN FROM FUNGI
2. OVERVIEW OF CURRENT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
3. USABLE FUNGI AND SUBSTRATES
3.1. Factors Influencing Chitosan Yields
3.1.1. Optimisation of Experimental Conditions by Statistical Experimental Design
3.1.2. Enhancement of Chitosan Content by Using Plant Growth Hormones
3.1.3. Use of Fungal Properties to Enhance the Chitosan Yield
4. EXTRACTION OF CHITOSAN
5.1. General Properties of Chitosan
5.2. Characterization Methods
5.2.1. Commonly Used Protocols in Laboratory Practice
5.2.1.1. Degree of Deacetylation
5.2.1.1.1. First derivative UV-spectroscopy
5.2.1.1.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5.2.1.1.4. Infrared Spectroscopy
5.2.1.2. Molecular Weight/Mw Distribution
5.2.1.2.2. Light Scattering
5.2.1.2.3. Gel Permeation Chromatography
5.2.1.2.4. Electrophoresis
5.2.1.3. Protein Determination by Bradford Assays
5.2.1.4. Crystallinity by X-Ray Diffraction
5.2.1.5. Moisture Content
6.1. Summary of Current Commercial Chitosan Applications and Future Perspectives
6.1.1. Application in Microbial Fuel Cells
6.1.2. Micro- and Nano-Scale Fibres and Particles
6.1.3. Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems and Hydrogels
6.1.4. Hydrogel Cartilage and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
6.1.5.1. Sensors Based on Specific Molecule Binding
6.1.5.2. Enzyme Based Sensors
1.2. Experimental Use Fungal Chitosan
6.1.6. Adsorption of Copper
6.1.6.1. Reaction Mechanism
6.1.6.2. Influential Factors
6.1.6.3. Immobilized Chitosan
6.1.7. Sorption of 17ß-Estradiol
6.1.7.1. Physico-Chemical Properties of 17ß-Estradiol
6.1.7.2. Effect of the Chitosan Concentration on the Sorption Process
6.1.7.3. Sorption Isotherms
6.1.7.4. Sorption Kinetics
6.1.7.5. Influence of Immobilisation onto Glass Beads
6.1.7.6. Filter Bed Columns with Immobilised Chitosan for 17ß-Estradiol Removal
6.1.8. Chitosan as Bone Replacement Material in Medicine - Biomimetic Coating of Chitosan Films
Chapter 2 CHITOSAN: MODIFICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS IN DOSAGE FORM DESIGN
CHITOSAN FUNCTIONALIZATION
Highly Cationic Derivatives
Cyclodextrin Linked Chitosan
Graft Copolymerization of Chitosan
Graft Copolymerization by Free Radicals
Grafting by Polycondensation
Grafting by Epoxy-Terminated Polydimethylsiloxane
Miscellaneous Graft Copolymers of Chitosan
Biomedical Applications of Graft Copolymers
Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Properties
Miscellaneous Applications
Safety and Toxicological Studies
Chapter 3 CHITOSAN: MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES AND USES
PRODUCTION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN
ENZYMATIC DEACETYLATION OF CHITIN
CHITOSAN DEPOLYMERIZATION
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN
Solubility and Molecular Weight
Effect of Degree of Deacetylation and Molecular Weight
PROPERTIES OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN
The Immunological, Antibacterial and Wound-Healing Activity
Effect of Chemical Modification on Biocompatibility
Effect of Complexation, Blending and Composite Formation on Biocompatibility
Effect of Molecular Weight on Biocompatibility
Effect of Irradiation on Biocompatibility
Effect of Chemical Modification
The Effects of Temperature and Molecular Weight on the Biodegradation of Chitosan
Effect of Copolymerisation
Effect of Complexation, Blending and Composite Formation on Biodegradability
Effect of Size and Shape, Cross Linking and Processing Conditions on Biodegradability
CRITERIA FOR POLYMER SOLUBILITY
Chitin and Chitosan Solubility
Chitin Solubility: Dissolution by Inorganic Chemicals
Chitin Dissolution by Strong Acids and Polar Solvents
SOLUBILITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT
WATER SOLUBLE ALKALI CHITIN
BLENDING WITH OTHER FIBRES/POLYMERS
APPLICATION IN WOUND HEALING: BIOMEDICAL TEXTILES FROM DBCH FIBRES (CHITOMED)
BIODEGRADABILITY OF CHITIN FIBRES
FIBRE FORMATION FROM CHITOSAN
BIODEGRADABILITY OF CHITOSAN FIBRES
FUTURE OF CHITIN NANO FIBERS IN NANO MEDICINE
Chapter 4 INTERPOLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES OF CHITOSAN
II. GENERAL CONCEPT OF THE FORMATION OF POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES
III. POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES OF CHITOSAN WITH BIOPOLYELECTROLYTES AND MODIFIED NATURAL POLYANIONS
1. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Polysaccarides
1.1. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Animal Polysaccarides and Modified Animal Polysaccarides
1.2. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Plant Polysaccarides and Modified Plant Polysaccarides
1.3. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Microbial Polysaccarides and Modified Microbial Polysaccarides
1.4. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Lipopolysaccarides
2. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Nucleic Acids
3. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan with Proteins
IV. POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES OF CHITOSAN WITH SYNTHETIC POLYANIONS
Chapter 5 N-CARBOXYETHYLCHITOSAN-BASED POLYMER MATERIALS
1. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF N-CARBOXYETHYLCHITOSAN
1.1. Synthesis of N-Carboxyethylchitosan (CECh)
1.1.1. Synthesis of CECh through Alkylation of Chitosan by 3-Halopropionic Acid
1.1.2. Synthesis of CECh through Alkylation by Acrylic Acid via Michael Reaction
1.2. CECh Behavior in Aqueous Solutions; CECh-Based Nanoparticles
1.3. Biological Behavior of CECh in Respect to Cells or Pathogenic Microorganisms
2. FABRICATION OF CECH-CONTAINING NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING
2.1. Preparation of Nanofibers in the Presence of a Non-Ionogenic Polymer Partner
2.2. Preparation of Hybrid Nanofibers Containing Inorganic Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Fabrication of CECh/Magnetite Hybrid Nanofibers by Electrospinning
2.2.3. Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers Composed of CECh/AgNPs
3. MATERIALS BASED ON POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES OF CECh
3.1. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of CECh with Polyacids and Polybases; Nanoparticles from PECs Based on CECh
3.2. Preparation of Non-Woven Textiles by Combining PEC Formation and Electrospinning
Chapter 6 CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
2. PRODUCTION OF CHITOSAN-BASED NANOPARTICLES
Coacervation/Precipitation
Emulsion-Droplet Coalescence Method
3. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
3.1. Protein, Peptide and Oligosaccharide Delivery
3.2.1. Chitosan Features Influencing Transfection
3.2.2. Biological Barriers in Cell Transfection
3.2.5. Gene Silencing In Vivo
3.3. Delivery of Low Molecular Weight Drugs
3.3.1. Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery
3.3.2. Organ-Specific Drug Delivery
Liver-Target Drug Delivery
Brain-Target Drug Delivery
Lung-Target Drug Delivery
Chapter 7 CHITOSAN-BASED NANOCARRIERS: EFFECTIVE VEHICLES FOR MUCOSAL PROTEIN DELIVERY
METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES
Ionic Gelation and Polyelectrolyte Complexation
Modified Ionic Gelation with Radical Polymerisation
Emulsion Solvent Diffusion
APPLICATIONS OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES IN MUCOSAL DELIVERY OF PROTEINS
Chapter 8 CHITOSAN: A POTENTIAL BIO-POLYMER FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Advantages of the Chitosan
APPLICATIONS OF CHITOSAN AS A DRUG DELIVERY POLYMER
Conventional Drug Delivery Systems
Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles
Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method
Polyelectrolyte Complex (PEC)
APPLICATIONS OF CHITOSAN FOR DIFFERENT DRUG/BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS DELIVERY
Chapter 9 CURRENT STATUS OF CHITOSAN ON DERMAL/TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN
CHITOSAN BASED FORMULATIONS
Chitosan: Manufacture, Properties and Usage
( Biotechnology in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine )
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