ERBIUM: COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS

ERBIUM: COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SOME NEW ERBIUM BASED MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES

SECTION 1. RARE EARTH ORTHOPHOSPHATES

I- Synthesis of Hydrated Rare-Earth Orthophosphates

Rhabdophane-type:

Weinschenkite-type: LnPO4.2H2O (Ln = Dy, Ho, Er, Tm or Yb)

Weinschenkite-type: TbPO4.2H2O

Weinschenkite-type: GdPO4.2H2O

II. Crystal Structure and VIBRATIONAL Spectral Predictions

Rhabdophane-type compounds

Weinschekite-type compounds

III. Interpretation of the Vibrational Spectra

Weinschenkite-type compounds

Water of crystallization spectra

Rhabdophane-type compounds

IV. Phase Changes in Rare-Earth Orthophosphates and Production of GdPO4-Xenotime Type

V. Rare-Earth orthophosphates of Orthorhombic-Type

VI. Green Chemistry of Rare Earth Orthophosphates

REFERENCES

SECTION 2. PYROPHOSPHATE ERKP2O7.2H2O

Synthesis and Identification

Crystal Structure

Vibrational spectra

Vibrations of [P2O7]4- modes

Fluorescence Spectrum

REFERENCES

SECTION 3. ERBIUM TRISODIUM BIS(CYCLOTRIPHOSPHATE) NONAHYDRATE ERNA3(P3O9)2.9H2O

Synthesis

Crystal Structure

Spectral Predictions

Vibrational Spectra

REFERENCES

SECTION 4. SYNTHESIS OF ERBIUM HYDROXIDE MICROFLOWERS AND NANOSTRUCTURES IN SUBCRITICAL WATER

Batch Experiments

Experiments in a Diamond-Anvil Cell

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 NOVEL USAGE OF ERBIUM IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS – FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Attenuation and the Role of EDFA

1.2. Operational Principle of EDFA

1.3. EDFA Development

2. NUMERICAL MODELING OF EDFA PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

2.1. Giles and Desurvire Model

2.2. Modeling of EDFA without ASE

2.2.1. Results for EDFA without ASE

2.3. Modeling of EDFA with ASE

2.3.1. Results for EDFA without ASE

3. EXPERIMENTS ON EDFA UNDER DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS

3.1. Experimental Setup

3.2. Experimental Results

3.3. Comparison of the Performance Characteristics under Different Situations

3.4. Comparison Between Simulation and Experimental Data

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 TERBIUM-SENSITIZED LUMINESCENCE FLOW-THROUGH OPTOSENSING

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESS

2.1. Intramolecular Energy Transfer

2.2. Intermolecular Energy Transfer

3. TERBIUM-SENSITIZED LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES

4. SOLID-PHASE SPECTROSCOPY

5. TSL OPTOSENSORS

5.1. General Optimization of Parameters

5.2. Analytes

6. TSL FLOW-THROUGH OPTOSENSING: MANIFOLDS AND APPLICATIONS

6.1. Conventional Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)

6.2. Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA)

6.3. Multicommutated Flow Analysis (MCFIA)

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 BISMUTH-BASED ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER (BI-EDF): AMPLIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS NONLINEAR APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS

III. AMPLIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS

IV. WIDE-BAND BI-EDFA WITH A FLAT-GAIN CHARACTERISTIC

V. BRILLOUIN ERBIUM FIBER LASER

VI. FWM-BASED MULTI-WAVELENGTH LASER USING A BI-EDF

VII. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 ERBIUM DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT

1. ERBIUM DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers

1.3. EDFA in Fiber Optic Communication Systems

1.4. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Overview

2. EDFA NOISE CHARACTERISTICS

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Erbium Atomic Structure

2.3. Amplified Spontaneous Emission

2.4. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Noise Elements

2.5. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Noise Figure

3. EDFA PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Performance

3.3. EDFA Performance Analysis at Different Input Power Levels

3.4. EDFA Performance Analysis at Different Output Power Levels

3.5. EDFA Performance Analysis at Different Signal Wavelengths

3.6. EDFA Performance Analysis at Different Pump Power Levels

3.7. EDFA Performance Analysis at Different EDF Lengths

CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 SYNTHESES, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF ERBIUM(III) COMPLEXES

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

2.1. Synthesis of Erbium Complexes

2.1.1. Preparation of the sodium salt of ACA ligand and ErCl3·6H2O

2.1.2 Preparation of the [Er2(9-AC)6(DMF)2(H2O)2] complex

2.1.3. Preparation of the [Er(Pic)2(EO5)](Pic)] complex

3. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES, PHOTOLUMINESCENCES AND THERMAL STABILITY

3.1. Crystal Structures

3.1.1. Bond lengths, bond angles, and 3d structure

3.2. Photoluminescence of Er(III) Complexes

3.3. Comparison with Other Ln(III) Complexes

3.4. Thermal Stability

4. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 RARE-EARTH SILICIDE ERSI2 FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS: OPTICAL, MAGNETIC AND MAGHETO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DETAILS OF CALCULATIONS

3. 2. 4 Optical properties

Magnetic Properties

Conductivity and Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Results :

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 8 ERBIUM LASERS IN THE TREATMENT OF HERPES LABIALIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Herpes Labialis

High Level Lasers (HLL)

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)

CASE REPORTS

Case 1

Case 2

CASE 3

CASE 4

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 9 ERBIUM LASERS FOR SURFACE CONDITIONING IN DENTISTRY

ABSTRACT

Conditioning of dental substrate

Enamel

Dentin

Conditioning of Dental Materials

Final Considerations

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ERBIUM CONTAINING GLASSES BY USING MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Molecular Dynamics

Glass Structure Characterization

Short range order: bond lengths, coordination number and bond angle distribution.

Medium range order: Qn distribution and Ring Size Distribution (RSD)

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 11 PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SPINEL POWDERS ZNGA2O4 PHOSPHOR DOPED WITH ER3+ IONS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL

3. RESULTS

3.1. Characterization

3.2. Optical Properties

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDEX

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