COMMUNITY ACTION AND PLANNING

Contents

Lists of images, figures and tables

Images

Figures

Tables

Notes on contributors

Editors

Contributors

Preface

Part 1. Framing community-based planning

1. Communities, community action and planning

Introduction

The community question

Communities, community action

…and planning

The book’s structure

2. Communities, networks and social capital

Introduction

Communities: definitions and assumptions

Communities as networks

Defining social capital

Social capital as enabling collective action

The potential for negative outcomes

Shaping social capital and influencing outcomes

Conclusions for community planning

3. Time, belonging and development: a challenge for participation and research

Introduction

History, locality, narrative and belonging

Interpretive policy analysis and the built environment

Time, meaning and the development process

Part 2. Contexts and drivers for community action

4. From residents to citizens: the emergence of neighbourhood movements in Spain

Introduction

Community-based action through the neighbourhood movement: urban policies and the deepening of democracy

Community-based action and planning: the significance of the neighbourhood movement in Spain

5. Community action in Australian farming and fishing communities

Introduction

About the research and sites

Use of services

The role of boundary crossers and community and industry organisations acting as soft entry points

Interactional infrastructure

Exclusion from benefits of community action

Conclusions

6. Associative action in urban planning: case studies from Marseille, France

Introduction

Let us assimilate those entering the country (to the tune of ‘Allons Enfants de la Patrie...’, La Marseillaise, Rouget de L’Isle, 1792)

The city of Marseille

Self-development in the Marseille region

Conclusion

7. Communities, land-ownership, housing and planning: reflections from the Scottish experience

Introduction

The land question and community land trusts

Community land ownership on the Isle of Gigha

Conclusions

Part 3. Planning at the community scale

8. The Fourth Way of active citizenship: case studies from the Netherlands1

Introduction

The perforated boundaries of the welfare state

Active citizenship and ‘everyday fixers’

New social capital and trust in the public domain

Engaged/engaging government

The Fourth Way

New towns

Almere: Citizens take over maintenance of public space

Ede: local government following the speed of active citizenship

Almere: from formal participation to active citizenship

Lelystad: local government’s search for the Fourth Way

Overview and conclusions

9. Small-town comprehensive planning in California: medial pathways to community-based participation

Introduction

Advocacy planning

Collaborative planning

Community participation in the general plan process

San Luis Obispo’s land use and circulation element (LUCE) citizens’ advisory committee

Delano and the collaborative workshop process

Reflections and conclusions

10. Engaging neighbourhoods: experiences of transactive planning with communities in England

Introduction: frames, foci and fragmentation of effort

Transactive and collaborative planning with communities

Planning and community action

Three episodes of community-led planning2 in England since the 1990s

Episode 1: 1995–2001. Evidence gathering as community action in England

Episode 2: 2001–10. Parish planning in England

Episode 3: 2011–15? Neighbourhood development planning in England

Conclusion: community planning at the neighbourhood scale in England

11. Active communities of interest and the political process in Italy

Introduction

The lifecycle of community action and planning

The case studies

Conclusions

12. New York City’s community-based housing movement: achievements and prospects

Introduction

Neighbourhood social movements and planning: the US experience

The strategic alliance between government and the self-help housing movement in New York City

Community-based housing and social capital

Consequences of recent housing market transformation

Conclusion

13. Community-based planning in Freiburg, Germany: the case of Vauban

Introduction

Building and dwelling in Vauban

The Vauban community

Learning from Vauban

Conclusions

Part 4. Scales, influence and integration

14. The scaling of planning: administrative levels and neighbourhood mobilisation as obstacles to planning consensus

Introduction

Integrative planning

Scaling obstructions to integrative planning

The Growth Plan

Scaling and the formulation and implementation of the Growth Plan

Scaling, neighbourhood mobilisation and the limits of planning

15. Flexible local planning: linking community initiative with municipal planning in Volda, Norway

Introduction

Complex rural challenges and changes

Volda as a complex adaptive system

Planning for local rural development in Volda

The mobilisation of stakeholders (1)

Organisation and tactics (2)

Implementation (3)

Learning (4)

Interplay with context (5)

Conclusions

16. Connecting to the citizenry? Support groups in community planning in England

Introduction

Addressing weak connectivity in England

Support groups in community planning

Research in the Ashford growth area

Support groups in community planning

Conclusions

17. Reflections on community action and planning

Introduction

Context and crisis

Drivers and inhibitors

Trust in (and beyond) the community

Index