Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Introduction

1.1. Insulin Signaling in Hepatocytes

1.2. Signs And Symptoms of Hepatic Insulin Resistance

1.3. Altered Signaling Pathways

1.3.1. Desensitization of the Insulin Receptor (IR)

1.3.2. Insulin Receptor Substrate 1/2 (IRS1/2)

1.3.3. Suppression of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)

1.3.4. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

1.3.5. C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK)

1.3.6. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)

1.4. AMP activating protein kinase (AMPK) Pathways

1.4.1. Role of AMPK in Energy Metabolism

1.4.2. Upstream Pathways of AMPK

1.4.3. Role of AMPK in Cytoprotection

1.4.4. AMPK-S6K1 Pathway in Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (ASH)

1.4.5. AMPK-S6K1 and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Clinical and Preclinical Drugs for the Treatment of Hepatic Insulin Resistance

2.1. Biguanides

2.2. Thiazolidinediones (TZDS)

2.3. 1,2-Dithiole-3-Thiones

2.4. -Lipoic Acid (-LA)

2.5. Phytochemicals

2.6. Others

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Index