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Biofilms and Implantable Medical Devices

Related titles

Biofilms and Implantable Medical Devices: Infection and Control

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Contents

List of contributors

Preface

One - Fundamentals and properties of biofilms

1 - Overview of biofilm-related problems in medical devices

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Development of microbial biofilms on biomaterials used in medicine

1.2.1 Interaction of microbial strains with biomaterial surface

1.2.2 Microbial structures involved in the adherence to biomaterials

1.2.2.1 Polysaccharides

1.2.3 Biofilm structure and properties

1.3 Incidence and etiology of biofilm-associated infections on medical devices

1.3.1 Orthopedic infections

1.3.2 Catheter-associated infections

1.3.3 Infections associated with cardiovascular implants

1.3.4 Infections associated with ophthalmic implants

1.3.5 Ventilation-associated pneumonia

1.4 The pathogenesis of infections associated with medical devices

1.5 Strategies to prevent infections associated with medical devices

1.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

2 - Properties of biofilms developed on medical devices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Biofilm infections related to medical devices

2.2.1 Gram-positive bacteria

2.2.2 Gram-negative bacteria

2.2.3 Fungal biofilms

2.2.4 Protozoa biofilms

2.2.5 Archaea biofilm

2.3 Device-associated biofilms

2.3.1 Noninvasive devices

2.3.2 Biofilms associated with invasive devices

2.3.2.1 Transient use medical devices

2.3.2.2 Short-term–used medical devices

2.3.2.3 Long-term use

2.4 Conclusions

References

3 - Adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and biofilm formation on medical devices

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Finding the target: bacterial motility and events that lead to bacterial contact with and attachment to a surface

3.2.1 Brownian motion

3.2.2 Flagellar motility

3.2.3 Nonflagellar motility

3.2.4 Environmental stimuli that influence bacterial movement

3.2.4.1 Chemotaxis

3.2.4.2 Quorum sensing

3.2.4.3 Bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)

3.3 Coming and going versus staying put: adhesion to a surface, regulation of adhesion, and initiation of microcolony formation

3.3.1 Sticking to it: factors that mediate bacterial adherence to a surface

3.3.1.1 Protein adhesins

3.3.1.2 Adhesive pili

3.3.1.3 Amyloid fibers

3.3.1.4 Other methods of sticking to it: nonproteinaceous adhesive factors

3.4 So it begins: reversible and irreversible attachment to a surface

3.4.1 Contact-dependent signal transduction in promoting irreversible attachment

3.4.2 Regulation of adhesive fibers

3.5 Growing old together: processes that lead to biofilm maturation

3.5.1 Raising the shields: the composition and function of the extracellular matrix

3.5.1.1 Composition of the extracellular matrix

3.5.1.2 Protecting the community: role of the ECM in biofilm maturation

3.5.2 All grown up: growth and maturation of the biofilm community

3.5.2.1 Divvying up the labor: subpopulation development during biofilm maturation

3.6 Time to leave: biofilm dispersal and implications for the host

3.6.1 The signal(s) to leave: cues lending to dissemination from the biofilm

3.6.2 Adding fuel to the fire: biofilm dispersal drives secondary-site infection

3.7 There is a stranger in my house: mixed-species biofilms in relation to medical devices and human health

3.8 Conclusions and thoughts moving forward

References

4 - Antimicrobial resistance of biofilms in medical devices

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Biofilms—formation, structure, and resistance

4.2.1 Formation and structure

4.2.2 Antimicrobial resistance

4.3 Infections associated with medical devices

4.3.1 Medical devices

4.3.2 Healthcare-associated infections

4.3.3 Most common contamination in medical devices

4.4 Biofilms in medical devices: resistance

4.4.1 Detection and diagnosis

4.4.2 Consequences of biofilm resistance: superbugs

4.4.3 Biofilm prevention

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Two - Biofilm-related infections in medical devices

5 - Biofilms on dental implants

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Oral implantology: fundamental principles

5.3 Biofilms on dental implants

5.3.1 General aspects

5.3.2 The characteristics of biofilms in dental implants

5.3.2.1 Pellicle formation

5.3.2.2 Adhesion of microorganisms and maturation of implant dental plaque

5.3.3 Material-related parameters

5.3.3.1 Surface properties

Surface roughness and topography

Surface free energy

5.3.3.2 Implant and abutment material

5.3.3.3 The role of the implant/abutment connection

5.3.3.4 Impact of platform switching

5.3.3.5 Prosthetic suprastructure

5.3.3.6 Role of dental cement in biofilm formation on dental implants

5.4 Conclusions

References

6 - Biofilm on bone repair devices

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Infection of bone repair devices

6.3 Infection and bone allograft

6.4 Influence of the synovial environment on infection

6.5 Detection and treatment of orthopedic infection

6.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

7 - Prevention of biofilm formation by material modification

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Metals and alloys

7.3 Polymers

7.3.1 Prosthetic tubular devices

7.3.1.1 Development of new surfaces with antibiofilm properties

7.3.2 Innovative wound dressing

7.4 Ceramics

7.5 Composite materials

7.5.1 Dental materials

7.6 Conclusions and perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

8 - Detection of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on medical surfaces

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Diagnosis of device-associated biofilms

8.2.1 Traditional detection, visualization, and isolation of biofilm-forming bacteria from medical devices

8.2.1.1 Culture methods

8.2.1.2 Direct staining and microscopy methods

8.2.1.3 Immunology-based methods

8.2.1.4 Molecular techniques

8.2.2 State-of-the-art methods for detection and visualization of biofilms on medical devices

8.2.2.1 Improved biofilm imaging

8.2.2.2 Engineering-based approaches: development of intelligent implants

8.3 Concluding remarks

References

9 - Alternative strategies to reduce the incidence of severe infections

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Strategies based on natural modulators

9.2.1 Essential oils

9.2.2 Quorum-sensing inhibitors

9.3 Strategies based on synthetic structures

9.3.1 Organic compounds

9.3.2 Inorganic compounds

9.3.3 Strategies based on nanobiomaterials

9.4 Conclusions

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

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