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Advances in Botanical Research: Glucosinolates

Series Editors

Advances in Botanical Research: Glucosinolates

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Contents

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

One - General Introduction to Glucosinolates

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BIOSYNTHESIS

3. LOCALIZATION OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS

4. STORAGE

5. PATHWAY ENGINEERING

6. TRANSPORT PROCESSES

6.1 Glucosinolate Transporter-Mediated Transport

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Two - Complex Environments Interact With Plant Development to Shape Glucosinolate Profiles

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ALL CLASSES OF GLUCOSINOLATES CAN CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO PATHOGENS AND HERBIVORES

3. CHANGES IN ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MODULATE GLUCOSINOLATE RESPONSES

4. PLANTS INTEGRATE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SIGNALS TO OPTIMIZE THEIR METABOLISM

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Three - Nonlinear Selection and a Blend of Convergent, Divergent and Parallel Evolution Shapes Natural Variation in ...

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LOCI

2.1 Species Sampling

2.2 AOP2

2.3 AOP3

2.4 Elong

2.5 GS-OH

2.6 BCMA

2.7 MYBs and Other Transcription Factors

2.8 Remaining Polygenicity for Aliphatic Glucosinolates

2.9 Indolic Glucosinolates

2.10 Glucosinolate Activation Loci

3. EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS

3.1 Evolutionary Mechanisms

3.2 Field Trials and Selective Pressures

4. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FOR UNDERSTANDING GLUCOSINOLATE VARIATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Four - Glucosinolate Regulation in a Complex Relationship – MYC and MYB – No One Can Act Without Each Other

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SUBGROUP 12 R2R3-MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN GLUCOSINOLATE REGULATION

2.1 General Introduction Into MYB Transcription Factors

2.2 HAG-MYB Factors in the Regulation of Aliphatic Glucosinolates

2.3 MYB-Factors of Indolic Glucosinolate Regulation

3. SUBGROUP IIIE BHLH TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN GLUCOSINOLATE REGULATION

3.1 General Introduction Into bHLH Transcription Factors

3.2 MYC-bHLH Transcription Factors Are Well-Known Jasmonic Acid Signalling Components

4. THE MYC-BHLH INTERACT WITH THE GSL-MYBS AND ARE THEREBY CRUCIAL REGULATORS OF IG AND AG

5. HIG-MYB-DEPENDENT EFFECTS ON IG-RELATED INDOLIC COMPOUNDS

6. GLUCOSINOLATE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM

7. HIG-HAG CROSSTALK – POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THE RECIPROCAL REGULATION OF ALIPHATIC AND INDOLIC GLUCOSINOLATES

8. FURTHER REGULATORY PROTEINS IN GLUCOSINOLATE REGULATION

9. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Five - Glucosinolate Synthesis in the Context of Plant Metabolism

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONNECTION OF GLUCOSINOLATES WITH SULPHUR METABOLISM

2.1 3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-Phosphosulphate Is Important for Glucosinolate Synthesis

2.2 Recycling of Sulphation By-Products Affects Glucosinolate Accumulation

3. REDOX REGULATION

4. TRANSPORTERS IN GLUCOSINOLATE SYNTHESIS

4.1 Transport of Aliphatic Glucosinolate Intermediates: Chloroplastic Transporter of Keto Acids

4.2 Transport of Cosubstrate PAPS: Chloroplastic PAPS/PAP Antiporter in Sulphation of Glucosinolates

4.3 Intracellular or Short-Distance Transport of Glucosinolates in the Storage and Defence

4.4 Long-Distance Transport of Glucosinolates

5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Six - Glucosinolate Breakdown

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MYROSINASES

2.1 Definition, General Properties and Products

2.2 Mechanism

2.3 Atypical Plant Myrosinases and Myrosinases From Insects and Microbes

2.4 Myrosinase-Binding Proteins and Myrosinase-Associated Proteins

3. SPECIFIER PROTEINS

3.1 Specifier Protein Types

3.2 Fe2+ Dependency and Mechanism

3.3 Evolution

4. COMPARTMENTATION

4.1 The Principle of a ‘Chemical Bomb’

4.2 Storage of Glucosinolates

4.3 Storage of Myrosinases

4.4 Storage of Specifier Proteins

5. STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS FORMED UPON TISSUE DISRUPTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON PLANT DEFENCE

5.1 Variation of Glucosinolate Breakdown Within a Plant

5.2 Effects on Direct and Indirect Defence

6. BREAKDOWN INSIDE HERBIVORES

7. BREAKDOWN IN NONDISRUPTED TISSUE

7.1 Signs of Turnover in Intact Tissue

7.2 β-Glucosidases Involved in Turnover Pathways

7.3 Nitriles and/or Isothiocyanates as Pathway Intermediates?

8. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Seven - The Function of Glucosinolates and Related Metabolites in Plant Innate Immunity

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ALIPHATIC GLUCOSINOLATES IN PLANT IMMUNITY

2.1 Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates Can Limit Pathogen Growth in Planta

2.2 Detoxification of Isothiocyanates Supports Pathogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

2.3 Mechanisms of Aliphatic Glucosinolate Activation in Plant Immunity Remain Obscure

3. PATHOGEN-TRIGGERED INDOLE GLUCOSINOLATE METABOLISM

3.1 Biological Significance

3.1.1 Immunity Against Filamentous Pathogens

3.1.2 Control of Colonization With Endophytic and Symbiotic Fungi

3.2 Myrosinases Responsible for Indole Glucosinolate Metabolism During Immune Responses

3.3 Biochemical Pathway for Pathogen-Triggered Indole Glucosinolate Metabolism

3.4 Microbe-Triggered Indole Glucosinolate Metabolism in Other Brassicaceae Species

4. FUNCTIONAL AND BIOSYNTHETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDOLE GLUCOSINOLATES AND BRASSICACEAE PHYTOALEXINS

4.1 Camalexin

4.2 Brassinin and Related Phytoalexins

4.3 PEN2 Pathway and Brassicaceae Phytoalexins

5. MODE OF ACTION OF GLUCOSINOLATE-DERIVED PRODUCTS

5.1 Direct Antimicrobial Activity

5.2 Impact on Conserved Plant Immune Responses

5.2.1 Stomatal Closure

5.2.2 Programmed Cell Death

5.2.3 Callose Deposition

5.2.4 Biosynthesis of Tryptophan-Derived Metabolites

6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Eight - Insect Detoxification of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products

1. INTRODUCTION: GLUCOSINOLATE HYDROLYSIS AND ITS EFFECTS ON INSECT HERBIVORES

2. GENERAL DETOXIFICATION STRATEGIES

2.1 Chewing Insects and the Conjugation of Isothiocyanate Hydrolysis Products

2.2 Piercing-Sucking Insects and Indolic Glucosinolates

3. SPECIALIZED DETOXIFICATION STRATEGIES

3.1 Specifier Proteins: Diverting Hydrolysis to Less Toxic Products

3.2 Glucosinolate Sulphatases: Preventing Glucosinolate Activation

3.3 Sequestration: Herbivores Make Their Own Glucosinolate–Myrosinase Bomb

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Nine - Health Benefits of Glucosinolates

1. GLUCOSINOLATE STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM

2. METABOLIC FATE IN HUMANS

3. EVIDENCE FOR HEALTH BENEFITS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. DIET–GENE INTERACTIONS AND THE ROLE OF GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE GENOTYPES

5. EVIDENCE FOR HEALTH BENEFITS FROM HUMAN INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES

6. MECHANISMS OF BIOACTIVITY FROM ANIMAL AND CELL MODELS

6.1 Regulation of Xenobiotic Metabolism

6.2 Modulation of Phase I Enzymes

6.3 Modulation of Phase II Enzymes

6.4 Regulation of Oxidative Stress

6.5 Metabolic Regulation

6.6 Induction of Apoptosis

6.7 Cell Cycle Arrest

6.8 Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Metastasis

6.9 Other Biological Activities

7. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Ten - Glucosinolates – The Agricultural Story

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OILSEED RAPE – FROM INDUSTRIAL TO FOOD PLANT

3. CONSEQUENCES OF AN ABRUPT SWITCH OF OILSEED RAPE VARIETIES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

4. KNOCKOUT OF DOUBLE LOW OILSEED RAPE VARIETIES BY SEVERE SULPHUR DEFICIENCY

5. GENETIC CHANGES IN GLUCOSINOLATE METABOLISM MODIFY SULPHUR UTILISATION, NATURAL PLANT HEALTH AND WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS

6. EPILOGUE

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REFERENCES

SUBJECT INDEX

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AUTHOR INDEX

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