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Gut Microbiome and Behavior

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface: The Gut Microbiome and Behavior under the microscope: Where to focus?

Setting the Stage

Brain Regions of Interest

References

Chapter One: Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Host Responses to Stressor Exposure

1. Introduction

2. Stress and the Stress Response

3. Stressor Exposure and the Intestinal Microbiota

4. Role of the Microbiota in the Body´s Response to Stress

4.1. Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses

4.2. Immune Responses

5. Conclusions

References

Chapter Two: The Influence of Prebiotics on Neurobiology and Behavior

1. Introduction

2. Prebiotics

2.1. Inulins and Fruto-Oligosaccharide

2.2. Galacto-Oligosaccharides

3. Neurobiological Changes Associated with Prebiotic Intake

3.1. Prebiotics and Neuroinflammation

3.2. Receptors and Signaling Molecules

4. Prebiotic-Mediated Changes in Behavior

5. Mechanistic Considerations

5.1. SCFAs and Gut Hormones

5.2. Gut Microbiota and the Immune Response

5.3. Gut Microbiome and the Enteric Nervous System

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter Three: Gut Microbiome and Behavior: Focus on Neuroimmune Interactions

1. Microbiota-Brain Axis

2. Microbiota and Immune Signaling Influence Behavior

3. Probiotics Attenuate Stress- and Immune-Related Changes in Behavior

4. Future Directions

References

Chapter Four: Neuropeptides, Microbiota, and Behavior

1. Neuropeptides Transcend Boundaries

2. Signaling Pathways in Gut-Brain Communication

3. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in Gut Microbiota-Host Communication

4. Microbiota Controls of the Availability of Amino Acids Required for Neuropeptide Synthesis

5. Interaction of the Gut Microbiota with Neuroactive Gut Hormones

6. Control of Neuropeptide Activity via Gut Microbiota-Dependent Autoantibodies

7. Control of Peptide Signaling Through a Gut Microbiota-BBB Interaction

8. Cerebral Neuropeptides Mediating the Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Brain Function and Behavior

8.1. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

8.2. NPY System

8.3. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

8.4. Other Neuropeptides

9. Conclusion: The Gut Microbiota-Neuropeptide Network

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Five: Microbes and Oxytocin: Benefits for Host Physiology and Behavior

1. Introduction

2. Oxytocin: A Multifunctional Neuropeptide

3. Parallels Between Gut Bacteria and Oxytocin Effects

3.1. L. reuteri and Oxytocin Promote Skin Wound Healing

3.2. L. reuteri and Oxytocin Counteract Obesity

3.3. L. reuteri and Oxytocin Suppress Uncontrolled Inflammation

3.4. L. reuteri and Oxytocin in Modulating Behavior

3.5. L. reuteri and Oxytocin in Muscle Wasting and Bone Loss

4. Direct Evidence for Oxytocin-Depended Gut Bacteria Beneficial Effects

5. Oxytocin and Gut Bacteria: An Advanced Quorum-Sensing Mechanism of Mammals?

6. Probiotic Bacteria-Induced Endogenous Oxytocin for Therapy

References

Chapter Six: Intestinal Barrier and Behavior

1. The Intestinal Barrier: An Overview

2. Can an Altered Barrier Function Disrupt Behavioral Responses?

3. Stressors Affecting Both Behavior and Gut Barrier Function

4. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter Seven: Toxoplasma gondii—A Gastrointestinal Pathogen Associated with Human Brain Diseases

1. The Biology of Toxoplasma Infection

2. Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Infection

3. Chronic Toxoplasma Infection of Humans and Experimental Animals

4. Toxoplasma Exposure and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

5. Toxoplasma and Intestinal Inflammation

6. Current Status of Anti-Toxoplasma Medications

7. Ongoing Research Needs

8. Conclusions

References

Chapter Eight: Exercise and Prebiotics Produce Stress Resistance: Converging Impacts on Stress-Protective and Butyrate-Pr ...

1. Stress and Health

1.1. Introduction

2. Gut Microbial Organisms and Their Metabolites Are Emerging Mediators of the Health Impacts of Stress

2.1. Stress Disrupts Health by Disturbing Gut Microbes

2.2. Stress-Protective Microbes: Probiotic Bacteria

2.3. Stress-Protective Microbes: Butyrate-Producing Bacteria

3. Prebiotic Diets and Exercise Can Promote Stress-Protective Probiotic Bacteria

3.1. Prebiotics Promote the Growth and Function of Probiotic and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria

3.2. Exercise Promotes the Growth and Function of Probiotic and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria

4. Prebiotic Diets and Exercise Promote Resistance Against the Behavioral and Neurobiological Consequences of Inescapable ...

4.1. Prebiotics Positively Impact Brain and Behavior

4.2. Prebiotics Protect Against IS-Induced Learned Helplessness

4.3. Exercise Positively Impacts Brain and Behavior

4.4. Exercise Protects Against IS-Induced LH

4.5. Prebiotics and Exercise Produce Stress Resistance via Unique Neuroplastic Changes

5. The Stress-Protective Effects of Prebiotics and Exercise May Be Age Dependent

5.1. Age-Dependent Effects of Exercise and Prebiotic Diet on Stress-Protective Bacteria and Butyrate

5.2. Age-Dependent Effects of Exercise and Prebiotic Diet on Neurobiology and Behavior

5.3. Early-Life Increases in Stress-Protective Bacteria and Butyrate Can Promote Robust and Lasting Stress Resistance

5.4. Potential Synergy Between Prebiotics and Exercise: Hope for Adults

References

Chapter Nine: Circadian Rhythm and the Gut Microbiome

1. Circadian Rhythms in Health

1.1. What Are Circadian Rhythms?

1.2. Central vs Peripheral Circadian Clocks

2. Circadian Rhythms in Disease

2.1. What Factors Disrupt Circadian Rhythms?

2.2. Consequences of Circadian Rhythm Disruption

3. Circadian Rhythms and the Intestinal Microbiota

3.1. How Do Bacterial Circadian Rhythms Impact Host Metabolism?

4. Conclusion

References

Chapter Ten: Sleep and Microbes

1. Introduction: History

2. Sleep Physiology

3. Bacterial Challenge Affects Sleep

4. Sleep Loss Promotes Intestinal Bacterial Translocation

5. Cecal Ligation

6. Bacterial Components Driving Sleep Responses

7. Sleep Responses to Virus Challenge

8. Sleep Responses to Other Microbes

9. Mechanisms

10. Are Sleep Responses to Microbes Adaptive?

11. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Eleven: Cognitive Function and the Microbiome

1. Introduction

2. Development of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

3. Cognition in Gastroenterology

4. Cognition in Extraintestinal Manifestations

5. Microbiota and Cognition

6. Probiotics and Cognition

6.1. Gut-Brain Axis and Probiotics

6.2. Healthy Human Population Studies

6.3. Type 1 Diabetes and Probiotics

6.4. Autism Spectrum Disorders and Probiotics

7. Future Directions

8. Conclusions

References

Chapter Twelve: The Intestinal Microbiota in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

1. Introduction

2. The General Appeal of the Microbiota as Putative Pathogenetic Factor in IBS

3. Factors Known to Precipitate or Exacerbate IBS also Induce Intestinal Dysbiosis

3.1. Antibiotic Exposure

3.2. Enteric Infection

3.3. Psychological Stress Including Early Life Stress

3.4. Dietary Factors

4. Evidence of Dysbiosis in IBS Patients

5. Proof of Principle that Intestinal Dysbiosis Alters Function in the Gut and Brain

5.1. Is There a Causal Link Between Dysbiosis and Symptom Expression in IBS?

6. Future Directions

References

Chapter Thirteen: Gut-to-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Central Role for the Microbiome

1. Introduction

2. The Rodakis Case

3. Microbiome in ASD: Correlation Studies

4. From Correlation to Causation

4.1. Antibiotics

4.2. Probiotics

4.3. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

5. Possible Mechanisms of Microbiome-Brain Axis in Autism

5.1. Barrier Pathways

5.2. Neuronal Pathways

5.3. The Serotonin Pathway: Neurotransmitter and Mediator of Inflammation

5.4. Intestinal Immune System Pathway

5.5. Bacterial Metabolites

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter Fourteen: The Microbiome of the Built Environment and Human Behavior: Implications for Emotional Health and Well- ...

1. Introduction

2. Global Trends Toward Urbanization

3. Shift in the Human Microbiome During the First and Second Epidemiological Transitions

4. Differences Between the Microbiomes of the Outdoor Environment and the Built Environment

4.1. Contributions from, and Interactions with, Human Occupants and the Microbiome of the Built Environment

4.2. Contributions from the Outdoor Microbiome to the Microbiome of the Built Environment

4.3. Influences of Building Design on the Microbiome of the Built Environment

4.4. Influences of Indoor Water Sources on the Microbiome of the Built Environment

4.5. Implications of Urbanization on Human Health

5. The Microbiome of the Built Environment, Immunoregulation, and Human Behavior

5.1. Mechanisms Through Which Environmental Microbes Influence Host Physiology and Behavior

6. Inflammation Anergic Macrophages

7. Regulatory Macrophages

7.1. Regulatory Dendritic Cells

7.2. Regulatory B Cells

7.3. Regulatory T Cells

8. Urban Upbringing and City Living Affect Neural Social Stress Processing

9. Conclusions

References

Chapter Fifteen: The Importance of Diet and Gut Health to the Treatment and Prevention of Mental Disorders

1. Introduction

2. Diet and Mental Health Across the Lifespan

2.1. Early Life, Childhood and Adolescence

2.2. Diet and Mental Health in Adults and the Elderly

3. The Importance of Diet for Gut Health Across the Lifespan

3.1. The Influence of Diet on Early Life Microbiota

3.2. The Western Diet Has a Detrimental Influence on Adult Gut Health

3.3. Beneficial Influence of Plant-Based Diets on Adult Gut Health

4. Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders

4.1. Dietary Strategies for the Prevention of Mental Disorders: A Public Health Perspective

4.2. Targeting Early Life Gut Microbiota

4.3. Dietary Targeting of Mothers for Reducing the Risk of Mental Disorders in Children

4.4. Diet as a Treatment for Mental Health

5. Conclusion

References

Index

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