Chapter
1.2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
1.3 GENERAL PROCESSES OF POLLUTION CONTROL AND RESOURCE RECOVERY FOR SEWAGE SLUDGE
1.4 SANITARY LANDFILL OF SLUDGE
Two - Enhanced Sewage Sludge Dewaterability by Chemical Conditioning
2.1 ENHANCED DEWATERING CHARACTERISTICS WITH FENTON PRETREATMENT
2.1.1 Sewage Sludge Sampling and Analytical Procedures
2.1.2 Regression Model and Statistical Testing for Sludge Conditioning
2.1.3 Optimization of Fenton Conditioning Operating Variables
2.1.4 Conditions for Optimum Response and Validation Experiment
2.2 ENHANCED DEWATERABILITY USING FE(II)-ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION
2.2.1 Test Materials and Analytical Procedures
2.2.2 Effect of Persulfate and Ferrous Ion Concentrations on Sludge Dewaterability
2.2.3 Effect of the Way of Adding Ferrous Ion on Sludge Dewaterability
2.2.4 Effect of Initial pH on Sludge Dewaterability
2.2.5 Possible Mechanisms of Sludge Dewaterability Improvement
2.2.5.1 Radical Quenching Studies
2.2.5.2 Effect of EPS on Sludge Dewaterability
2.2.6 Effect of Viscosity on Sludge Dewaterability
2.3 NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ENHANCED DEWATERABILITY BY FE(II)-ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION
2.3.1 General Sludge Characteristics
2.3.2 Enhanced Dewaterability of Sludge by (Fe(II)-S2O82−) Oxidation
2.3.3 Contribution of Different EPS Fractions to Sludge Dewaterability
2.3.4 EEM Spectra of Different EPS Fractions
2.4 SYNERGETIC PRETREATMENT BY FE(II)-ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION UNDER MILD TEMPERATURE
2.4.1 Sludge Dewaterability
2.4.2 Influence of Zeta Potential on the Dewaterability
2.4.3 Influence of Particle Size Distribution on the Dewaterability
2.4.4 EEM Fluorescence Analysis of EPS
2.4.5 FT-IR Spectra of Sludge Flocs
2.4.6 Morphological (SEM-EDX) Analysis of Sludge Flocs
2.5 COMBINATION OF ELECTROLYSIS AND FE(II)-ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION FOR DEWATERABILITY
2.5.1 Experimental Procedures
2.5.2 Optimal Electro-Dewatering Process
2.5.3 Influence of Sludge Floc Properties on Dewaterability
2.5.3.1 Settling Properties of Sludge After Pretreatment
2.5.3.2 Mass Composition of Various Pretreated Sludge
2.5.3.3 Role of Different EPS Fractions on Sludge Dewaterability
2.5.4 UV–Vis Spectroscopic Properties of EPS
2.5.5 Morphological (SEM-EDX) Analysis of Sludge Flocs
2.6 HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT OF DEWATERED SLUDGE FOR DEWATERABILITY
2.6.1 Test Materials and Experimental Procedures
2.6.2 Sludge Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG) Analysis
2.6.3 Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment Temperature and Holding Time on Dewaterability
2.6.4 Mechanism of Hydrothermal Treatment for Dewaterability
2.6.4.1 Variation of Separated Liquid pH
2.6.4.2 Variation of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in SSP.
2.6.4.3 Impact of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Appearance of Sludge
2.6.5 Resource Reuse of Separated Liquid and Solid Product
2.7 FILTRATION IMPROVEMENT OF ZINC SLUDGE BY USING UNCONVENTIONAL ALKALIZATION SEQUENCE
2.7.1 Parameters Affecting the Precipitation Efficiency of Zinc
2.7.2 Filtration Improvement of the Zinc Sludge
2.7.3 Comparisons of the Physical Properties of Precipitates
2.7.4 Mechanisms of Filtration Improvement of Zinc Sludge by Alkalization Sequence
2.8 ENHANCED DEWATERING OF WASTE-ACTIVATED SLUDGE BY COMPOSITE HYDROLYSIS ENZYMES
2.8.1 Effect of Enzymatic Pretreatment on EPS Components
2.8.2 Effect of Enzymatic Pretreatment on Sludge Dewaterability
2.8.3 Correlations Between Sludge Dewaterability and EPS Composition
2.8.4 Preliminary Study in the Enzymatic Degradation of EPS
2.8.5 Effect of Temperature on the Kinetic Constants
2.8.6 Effect of pH on the Kinetic Constants
2.9 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR MECHANICAL DEWATERING PROCESSES
2.9.1 Design and Working Principles of Elastic Plate-Filter Press
2.9.2 Commercial Applications of the Elastic Plate-Filter Presses in Sludge Mechanical Dewatering
Three - Sewage Sludge Solidification/Stabilization and Drying/Incineration Process
3.1 EFFECT OF CALCINED ALUMINUM SALTS ON THE ADVANCED DEWATERING AND SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION
3.1.1 Test Materials and Experimental Procedures
3.1.2 Characterization of Calcined Aluminum Salts
3.1.3 Effect of Various Binders on Moisture Content
3.1.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified/Stabilized Sludge
3.1.5 Development of Crystalline Phases in Solidified Specimens
3.1.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations
3.1.8 Effect of Binders on Leachability of Solidified/Stabilized Sludge
3.2 ALUMINATE 12CAO·7AL2O3-ASSISTED PORTLAND CEMENT-BASED SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION
3.2.1 Characterization of Binders
3.2.2 Confined Compressive Strength
3.2.3 Crystalline Phase and Chemical Composition Analysis
3.2.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
3.2.6 Acid Neutralization Capacity
3.2.7 Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals in Solidified Sludge Exposed to Nitric Acid
3.3 HYBRID CEMENT-ASSISTED DEWATERING AND SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH HIGH ORGANIC CONTENT
3.3.1 Test Material and Experimental Procedures
3.3.2 Variation in Water Content of Solidified Sludge Over Curing Time
3.3.3 Variation in Strength of Solidified Sludge Over Curing Time
3.3.4 Selection of Binder for Dewatering and Solidification of Sewage Sludge With High Organic Content
3.3.5 Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals
3.3.6 Characterizations of Hydrated Phases
3.4 STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION USING MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDES CEMENT
3.4.1 Test Material and Experimental Procedures
3.4.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.4.4 Crystalline Phase and Chemical Composition Analysis
3.4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.4.6 Heavy Metal Leaching Behaviors of Solidified/Stabilized Sludge
3.4.7 Main Mechanisms of Solidification/Stabilization
3.5 VAPORIZATION AND DEPRESSION CONTROL OF HEAVY METALS IN SLUDGE SUBJECT TO INCINERATION
3.5.1 Chloride Effect on Vaporization and Depression Control of Heavy Metals in Sludge
3.5.1.1 Vaporization of Heavy Metals
3.5.1.2 Combustion Temperature Effects on the Vaporization of Heavy Metals in Sludge
3.5.2 Phosphoric Acid Effect on Vaporization and Depression Control of Heavy Metals in Sludge
3.5.2.1 Phosphoric Acid Effect on Thermal Behavior of Sludge
3.5.2.2 Vaporization of Heavy Metals
3.5.2.3 Crystalline Phase and Chemical Composition Analysis
3.5.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
3.6 PRODUCTION OF SLUDGE SOLIDIFIERS AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
3.6.1 General Description in Solidifier Production
3.6.2 Current Applications in Sludge Treatment Projects
Four - Making of Sewage Sludge-Derived Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSMs)
4.1 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIAL USING DEWATERED SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE INCINERATION BOT ...
4.1.1 Characterization of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI BA)
4.1.2 Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Material
4.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Controlled Low-Strength Material
4.1.4 Thermogravimetry–Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens
4.1.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens
4.1.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Analysis of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens
4.1.7 Leaching Behavior of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens
4.2 MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIAL CURED FOR 1YEAR
4.2.1 Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Material
4.2.2 Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis of Various Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens Cured for 1Year
4.2.3 Morphological Structures (SEM-EDX) Analysis of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens Cured for 1Year
4.2.4 Assessment of Leaching Behavior of Controlled Low-Strength Material Specimens
Five - Harvest of Bioenergy From Sewage Sludge by Anaerobic Digestion
5.1 OVERVIEW ON CURRENT ADVANCES IN SLUDGE PRETREATMENT TO IMPROVE ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADABILITY
5.1.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
5.1.1.1 Ultrasonic Pretreatment
5.1.1.2 Microwave Irradiation
5.1.1.3 Electrokinetic Disintegration
5.1.1.4 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
5.1.3 Chemical Pretreatment
5.1.3.1 Acidic and Alkali Pretreatment
5.1.4 Biological Pretreatment
5.1.4.1 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD)
5.1.4.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC)
5.1.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
5.2 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TECHNIQUE AND COMBINED ELECTRICALALKALI PRETREATMENT TO INCREASE THE ANAEROBIC HYDROLYSIS RATE OF SLUDGE
5.2.1 Test Materials and Experimental Procedures
5.2.1.1 Electrical-Alkali Modification Procedure
5.2.1.2 Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Assay
5.2.2 ElectricalAlkali Pretreatment for Sludge
5.2.2.1 COD Solubilization and SCOD Release
5.2.2.2 Total Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solid Reduction
5.2.2.3 Soluble Protein and Polysaccharide Releases
5.2.2.4 UV–Vis Spectroscopic Properties of the DOM in Sludge Supernatant
5.2.3 Batch Anaerobic Digestion Tests for Sludge
5.2.3.1 Effect of Pretreatment on Methane Production
5.2.3.2 Humification Process During Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge
5.2.4 Dewaterability Assessment for Digested Sludge
5.3 INFLUENCE OF ZERO-VALENT SCRAP IRON (ZVSI) SUPPLY ON METHANE PRODUCTION
5.3.1 Zero-Valent Scrap Iron (ZVSI) and Sewage Sludge
5.3.2 Effect of ZVSI on Biogas Production
5.3.3 Effect of ZVSI on Sludge Solubilization
5.3.4 Effect of ZVSI on pH and VFAs Production and Composition
5.3.5 Variations of Different EPS Fractions in Sludge
5.3.6 Effect of ZVSI on Hydrolysis, Acidification and Methanogenesis of Sludge
5.3.7 Evidence for Dissolution of ZVSI and Its Stimulation on Anaerobic Process
5.4 MESOPHILIC ANAEROBIC CODIGESTION OF WASTE-ACTIVATED SLUDGE (WAS) AND EGERIA DENSA: PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND KINETIC ANALYSIS
5.4.1 Biochemical Methane Potential Tests and Kinetic Models
5.4.2 Codigestion Effect on Methane Production
5.4.3 Codigestion Effect on TS and VS Removal
5.4.4 Release and Biodegradation of SCOD, Protein and Carbohydrate
5.4.5 Characteristics of pH and VFAs During Codigestion Process
5.4.6 Release of TNA and [NH3] During Codigestion Process
5.4.7 Kinetic Analysis of Codigestion Processes With Various Sludges to Egeria densa Ratios
5.5 APPLICATION OF AGED REFUSE TO BOOST BIO-HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM FOOD WASTE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE
5.5.1 Test Materials and Experimental Procedures
5.5.2 Effects of Porous Materials on Hydrogen Fermentation From Food Wastes
5.5.2.1 Effects of Porous Materials on Hydrogen Production
5.5.2.2 Effects of Porous Materials on pH and Metabolites of Food Waste Bio-Hydrogen Fermentation
5.5.3 Biological Effects of AR on Hydrogen Production From Food Waste
5.5.3.1 Bio-Hydrogen Production
5.5.3.2 Change of pH and VFA
5.5.4 Fundamentals of the Addition of Aged Refuse in Promoting Hydrogen Recovery
5.6 TOXIC EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC CEFALEXIN ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE
5.6.1 Test Materials and Experimental Procedures
5.6.2 Effect of Cefalexin (CLX) on Methane Production
5.6.3 Effect of Cefalexin (CLX) on Specific Methanogenic Activity
5.6.4 Cefalexin (CLX) Biodegradation and Removal During Anaerobic Digestion
5.6.5 Effect of Cefalexin (CLX) on TSS and VSS Reduction
5.6.6 Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
5.6.6.1 Variations of Different EPS Fractions During Anaerobic Digestion
5.6.6.2 UV–Vis Spectroscopic Properties of Different EPS Fractions
5.6.7 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Assessment
Six - Pollution Control and Recycling of Sludge in Sanitary Landfill
6.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SLUDGE LANDFILL
6.1.2 Leachate Collection and Treatment Systems
6.1.3 Landfill Gas Collection and Recovery
6.1.4 Capping and Closure Systems
6.2 SANITARY LANDFILL OF DEWATERED SLUDGE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STABILIZATION PROCESS BY PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND HUMIC ...
6.2.1 Landfill Unit Construction and Operation
6.2.2 Variation of Particle Size Distribution of Sludge with Landfill Time
6.2.3 Variation of Humic Substances in Sludge With Landfill Time
6.2.4 Element Composition of Humic Substances in Landfill
6.2.5 Infrared Spectra (FT-IR) of Sludge in Landfill
6.3 COMBINATION OF COMBUSTION WITH PYROLYSIS FOR THE STABILIZATION PROCESS OF SLUDGE IN LANDFILL
6.3.1 Procedures of Thermal Analysis
6.3.2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Parameters
6.3.3 Thermogravimetry (TG) and Comparison of Combustion and Pyrolysis
6.3.4 Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG) Analysis
6.3.4.1 DTG Comparison of Combustion and Pyrolysis
6.3.4.2 DTG Analysis of Sludge Combustion
6.3.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
6.3.5.1 DSC Comparison of Combustion and Pyrolysis
6.3.5.2 DSC Analysis of Sludge Combustion
6.4 VARIATION OF PAHS’, PCBS’, AND OCPS’ CONTENTS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS IN SLUDGE LANDFILL PROCESS
6.4.1 Contents and Transformations of PAHs in Sludge Landfilled in Different Stages
6.4.2 Contents of PCBs and Its Change in the Landfill Sludge of Different Periods
6.4.3 OCPs’ Contents and Its Change in Sludge of Different Landfill Stages
6.4.4 Source Apportionment of the Contents of PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs
6.5 ABIOTIC ASSOCIATION OF PHTHALIC ACID ESTERS WITH HUMIC ACID IN A SLUDGE LANDFILL
6.5.1 Sludge Samples and Experimental Procedures
6.5.2 Humic Acid (HA) Stabilization in Sludge Landfill
6.5.3 Association Intensity of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) With Humic Acid (HA)
6.5.4 Effects of pH Value on the Association Strength
6.6 CHEMICAL REDUCTION OF ODOR FOR SLUDGE IN THE PRESENCE OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE
6.6.1 Experimental Procedure
6.6.2 Effect of FH on H2S, NH3, VFAs, and Odor Abatement
6.6.3 Sulfur and Phosphorus Species Analysis
6.6.4 Odor-H2S Correlation
6.6.5 Mechanisms of Pyrite Formation
6.6.6 Implications for Use of Fe Hydroxide to Eliminate Sludge Odor
6.7 STABILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE USING NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON (NZVI) FOR AN ABATEMENT OF ODOR AND IMPROVEMENT OF BIOGAS P ...
6.7.1 Effect of ZVI on H2S and NH3 Concentration in Biogas
6.7.2 Effect of ZVI on Biogas Composition and Methane Production
6.7.3 Effect of ZVI on Phosphorus Species’ Distribution
6.7.4 Roles of nZVI in Sludge Anaerobic Digestion
6.8 USE OF CORE–SHELL ZERO-VALENT IRON NANOPARTICLES FOR REMOVAL OF SULFIDE IN LONG-TERM SLUDGE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
6.8.1 Effect of nZVI on pH
6.8.2 Effect of nZVI on Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Biogas
6.8.3 Effect of nZVI on Methane Production and Volatile Solid Degradation
6.8.4 Effect of nZVI on the Distributions of Phosphorus, Iron, and RIS Species
6.9 TREATMENT OF AGED-LANDFILL-LEACHATE USING AGED-SLUDGE-BASED BIOREACTOR
6.9.1 Collection of Aged Sludge and Landfill Leachate
6.9.2 Aged-Sludge-Based Bioreactor
6.9.3 Effect of Domestication Process
6.9.4 Effect of Hydraulic Loading
6.9.5 Effect of Leachate Introduction Intervals
6.9.6 Removals of COD and BOD over Operation Time
6.9.7 Removals of NH4+−N and TN over Operation Time
6.9.8 Removal of TP Over Operation Time
6.9.9 Outlooks of Aged-Sludge-Based Bioreactor for Landfill Leachate Treatment
6.10 LANDFILLING AND STABILIZATION PROCESS IN GENERAL FOR SLUDGE SANITARY LANDFILL
Pollution Control and Resource Recovery
：Sewage Sludge
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