Chapter
Chapter 2 - Past Natech Events
2.1 - Characteristics of Natech events
2.2 - Kocaeli Earthquake, 1999, Turkey
2.2.1 - Fires at a Refinery in Izmit Bay
2.2.1.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.2.1.3 - Lessons Learned
2.2.2 - Hazardous-Materials Releases at an Acrylic Fiber Plant
2.2.2.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.2.2.3 - Lessons Learned
2.3 - Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, 2011, Japan
2.3.1 - Fires and Explosions at an LPG Storage Tank Farm in Tokyo Bay
2.3.1.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.3.1.3 - Lessons Learned
2.3.2 - Fires at a Refinery in the Sendai Port Area
2.3.2.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.3.2.3 - Lessons Learned
2.4 - San Jacinto River Flood, 1994, United States
2.4.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.5 - Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2005, United States
2.5.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
2.6 - Milford Haven Thunderstorm, 1994, United Kingdom
2.6.1 - Accident Sequence and Emergency Response
Chapter 3 - Lessons Learned From Natech Events
3.1 - Data sources and quality
3.2 - General Lessons Learned
3.8.1 - Extreme Temperatures
Chapter 4 - Status of Natech Risk Management
4.1 - Regulatory Frameworks
4.1.2 - United States of America
4.2 - Implementation of Natech Risk Reduction
4.3 - International Activities
4.3.1 - OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
4.3.1.1 - The OECD Natech Project
4.3.1.2 - The Natech Addendum to the OECD Guiding Principles
4.3.1.3 - Further OECD Activities
4.3.2 - The UNEP APELL Program
4.3.3 - Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–30
Chapter 5 - Natural Hazard Characterization
5.2 - Prediction and Measurement
5.2.1.1 - Hazard Parameters of Concern
5.2.1.2 - Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
5.2.3.1 - Probability and Frequency of Flooding
5.2.3.3 - Flood Forecasting and EU Floods Directive
5.3 - Limitations, uncertainties, and future impacts of climate change
Chapter 6 - Technological Hazard Characterization
6.3 - Physical State of the Released Substance
6.4 - Equipment Vulnerability
6.4.1 - Atmospheric Equipment
6.4.2 - Pressurized Equipment
6.4.4 - Hazard Classification Based on Structural Features and Hazard of the Secondary Scenario
Chapter 7 - Natech Risk and Its Assessment
7.1 - General Considerations
7.2 - The Industrial Risk–Assessment Process
7.3 - The Natech Risk–Assessment Process
7.3.2 - Hazard Identification and Consequence Analysis
7.3.2.1 - Consequence-Analysis Models
7.3.2.2 - Cascading Effects
7.3.3 - Risk Integration and Evaluation
Chapter 8 - Qualitative and Semiquantitative Methods for Natech Risk Assessment
8.1.1 - Scientific Module
8.1.2 - Industrial Plants and Units Module
8.1.3 - Natural-Hazards Module
8.1.4 - Natech Risk-Analysis Module
8.3 - TRAS 310 and TRAS 320
8.3.1 - TRAS 310 “Precautions and Measures Against the Hazard Sources Precipitation and Flooding”
8.3.1.1 - Scope of Application
8.3.1.2 - Methodological Approach of TRAS 310
8.3.1.3 - Hazard Source Analysis
8.3.1.3.1 - Simplified hazard source analysis
8.3.1.3.2 - Detailed hazard source analysis
8.3.1.3.3 - Consideration of climate change
8.3.1.4 - Determination of Threatened Safety-Relevant Parts of Establishments and Installations
8.3.1.5 - Determination of Possible Causes of Major Accidents
8.3.1.6 - Specification of Scenarios and Protection Aims
8.3.1.7 - Elaboration of Protection Concepts for Scenarios
8.3.1.8 - Review of Protection Concepts
8.3.1.9 - Determination of Accident Scenarios
8.3.1.10 - Specification of Measures to Mitigate the Effects of Major Accidents
8.3.1.11 - Planning for Emergencies
8.3.1.12 - Design Criteria for the Consideration of Climate Change
8.3.2 - TRAS 320 “Precautions and Measures Against the Hazard Sources Wind, Snow Loads and Ice Loads”
8.4 - Other methodologies
Chapter 9 - Quantitative Methods for Natech Risk Assessment
9.1.1 - Framework of the ARIPAR-GIS Natech Module
9.1.2 - The ARIPAR-GIS Software
9.1.3 - The Natech Package of the ARIPAR-GIS Software
9.1.4 - Input Data and Calculation Procedure
9.1.5 - Equipment Vulnerability Models
Chapter 10 - Case-Study Application I: RAPID-N
10.1 - Earthquake scenario
10.2 - Chemical Facility Description
10.3 - Natech Risk Analysis
10.3.2 - Single Unit Containing a Flammable Substance
10.3.3 - Single Unit Containing a Toxic Substance
Chapter 11 - Case-Study Application II: ARIPAR-GIS
11.2 - Case study 1: Natech Scenarios Triggered by Earthquakes
11.3 - Case study 2: Natech Scenarios Triggered by Floods
11.3.1 - Layout and Vessel Features
11.3.2 - Workers and Surrounding Population
11.3.4 - Individual and Societal Risk Calculated for Conventional Scenarios
11.3.5 - Individual and Societal Risk Including Flood-Induced Scenarios
11.4 - Results of the case-study analyses
Chapter 12 - Case Study Application III: RISKCURVES
12.3 - Description of the Case Study
12.4 - Results and Discussion
Chapter 13 - Reducing Natech Risk: Structural Measures
13.2 - Prevention Measures
13.2.1.2 - Pipework and Pipelines
13.2.2 - Tsunami and Coastal Storm Surge
13.2.2.2 - Pipework and Pipelines
13.2.3.2 - Pipework and Pipelines
13.2.5.2 - Pipework and Pipelines
13.3 - Mitigation Measures
Chapter 14 - Reducing Natech Risk: Organizational Measures
14.1 - Organizational risk-reduction measures
14.2 - Natech risk governance
14.3 - Prevention and Mitigation
14.4 - Emergency-Response Planning
Chapter 15 - Recommendations and Outlook
Natech Risk Assessment and Management
：Reducing the Risk of Natural-Hazard Impact on Hazardous Installations
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