Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction: Globalisation, Mobility, Citizenship and Xenophobia in Southern Africa

Paradoxes of Globalisation

Citizenship and Mobility in South Africa

Citizenship and Mobility in Botswana

Gender, Domesticity, Citizenship and Mobility in Southern Africa

Beyond Boundaries

1. Mobility, Citizenship and Xenophobia in South Africa

Attitudes towards Makwerekwere in South Africa

Makwerekwere as Fiction

Makwerekwere and the Excesses of Citizenship

‘AmaNdiya’: Indians as Makwerekwere with Citizenship

South African Media and the Narrow Focus on Makwerekwere

Mobile Africa: Brain Drains and Brain Gains

Even the Makwerekwere Think of Home

2. Citizenship, Mobility and Xenophobia in Botswana

Citizenship and Belonging in Botswana

Press and Ethnicity: BaKalanga as Makwerekwere with Citizenship

Changing Attitudes towards Foreigners in Botswana

Implications for Democracy and Citizenship

3. Gender, Domesticity, Mobility and Citizenship

Theorising Domesticity in Africa

Madams and Maids as Citizens and Subjects in Apartheid South Africa

Global Trends in the Consumption of Maids

The Legal Status and State Protection of Maids

Globalisation and the Exacerbation of Servitude among Foreign Maids

4. Maids, Mobility and Citizenship in Botswana

A Note on Methodology

Situating Maids in Botswana

Uncertainties of Being a Maid

Compounded Uncertainties of Zimbabwean Maids

5. Madams and Maids: Coping with Domination and Dehumanisation

Turning the Tables of Exploitation

Maids, Employers and the Struggle against Uncertainties in Botswana

Maids and Madams: The Need to Question Intra-Gender Hierarchies

6. Conclusion: Requiem for Bounded Citizenship

Mobility and Belonging

The Ills of Bounded Citizenship

Challenge to Scholarship

Investing in Flexible Citizenship

Notes

References

Index