Description
The pressing need to break the silence on non-consensual sex among young people – an issue shrouded by denial, underreporting and stigma – is self-evident. Despite the growing body of research regarding young people’s sexual behaviours, the study of coercive sexual experiences has generally been overlooked by both researchers and national programmes. Available evidence has been scattered and unrepresentative and despite this evidence, non-consensual sex among young people is perceived to be a rare occurrence. This volume dispels any such misconception. It presents a disturbing picture of non-consensual sex among girls as well as boys, and among married as well as unmarried young women in a variety of settings. This volume documents, moreover, the expanse of non-consensual experiences that young people face – from unwanted touch to forced penetrative sex and gang rape. Although the focus is on young females, the volume also sheds light on the experience of young males as both victims and perpetrators.
This pioneering volume highlights key factors placing young people at risk, whilst outlining the significant distinctive health and social implications they face. Sex Without Consent also documents the unsupportive – and sometimes abusive or negligent – roles of families, teachers, health care providers and law enforcement agents, outlines promising efforts intended to prevent non-consensual sex or support survivors, and argues for profound changes in norms and values that tolerate or encourage non-consensual sex. The editors, based at the Population Council (New Delhi), the World Health Organization (Geneva), and Family Health International (Virginia) argue compellingly for a radical review and reform of existing programmes designed to prevent this kind of abuse and to support young survivors of sexual trauma in the developing world. Addressing the magnitude, determinants and consequences of sex without consent, this volume provides evidence-based directions for programming.
Chapter
Data sources and limitations
The context of non-consensual sexual experiences
Perpetrators of non-consensual sex
Outcomes of non-consensual sex
Part Two | Non-consensual sexual experiences and underlying gender norms
2 | Sexual violence against women and girls: recent findings from Latin America and the Caribbean
Prevalence of sexual violence against women by an intimate partner
Sexual violence against adolescent women by intimate partners
Forced sex on women and girls by non-partners
Sexual coercion and high-risk sexual behaviour
3 | Young women’s experiences of forced sex within marriage: evidence from India
Divergent sexual experiences later in marriage
4 | Sexual coercion among ever-partnered women in Thailand
Operationalizing sexual coercion
5 | Non-consensual sex among South African youth: prevalence of coerced sex and discourses of control and desire
The prevalence of rape in South Africa
Why does South Africa have such a high prevalence of coerced sex?
Rape and performed masculinity
6 | Attitudes, norms and experiences of sexual coercion among young people in Ibadan, Nigeria
7 | Investigating exchange in sexual relationships in sub-Saharan Africa using survey data
The theoretical framework of exchange in sexual relationships
Vulnerability of adolescent girls in commodity exchange relationships
Measuring exchange in sexual relationships using survey data
Prevalence of exchange relationships
Exchange relationships and reproductive health outcomes
Part Three | Young men as victims and perpetrators
8 | Assessing young people’s non-consensual sexual experiences: lessons from Peru
Discussion and conclusions
9 | Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in Kenya: boys as perpetrators and victims
Methodology and the operationalization of non-consensual sex
Correlates of non-consensual sex among boys
Discussion and moving ahead
10 | Youth gang rape in Phnom Penh
Bauk in the context of Cambodia’s sociocultural milieu
Possible future directions
Part Four | Outcomes of non-consensual sex
11 | Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and incest: experiences of women survivors in India
Reported outcomes of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence
12 | Coerced first intercourse and reproductive health among adolescent women in Rakai, Uganda
13 | Coercive sex and psycho-social outcomes in adolescents: exploring the role of parental relationships
Part Five | Legal, education and health system responses
14 | The vulnerability of adolescence: legal responses to non-consensual sexual experiences of young persons in India
Definitions of ‘child’, ‘adolescent’ and ‘young person’
Sexual violence in fiduciary and non-fiduciary relationships
Minors as perpetrators of sexual violence
Procedures in court for minor victims
Procedures for minors as perpetrators
15 | Synchronizing traditional legal responses to non-consensual sexual experiences with contemporary human rights jurisprudence
The meaning of ‘non-consensual’ in sexual experiences
Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in South Africa
Legal responses in the South African context
The application of international human rights norms within the state
16 | Developing opportunities within the education sector to prevent non-consensual sexual experiences: an emerging issue for human rights, public health and education development goals
The extent and impact of non-consensual sexual experiences within the education sector
A multi-level approach to addressing non-consensual sexual experiences within the education sector
Safety and ethical considerations
17 | The health service response to sexual violence: lessons from IPPF/WHR member associations in Latin America
History of the IPPF/WHR initiative
Discussion and programme recommendations
18 | Non-consensual adolescent sexual experiences: policy implications
General intervention strategies
Settings for the implementation of interventions
Developing policies for non-consensual sex among young people
Part Six | Approaches to the study of non-consensual sex
19 | Pitfalls in the study of sexual coercion: what are we measuring and why?
Measuring coercion using reports
20 | Research designs for investigating non-consensual sexual experiences among young people
Measuring non-consensual sex
Understanding non-consensual sexual experiences of young people
21 | Obtaining accurate responses to sensitive questions among Thai students: a comparison of two data collection techniques
22 | Ethical issues in research on sexual coercion among youth
Participation of the community
Ensuring the safety of respondents and interviewers
Ensuring benefits for individuals
The use of findings in the public interest
Part Seven | Moving forward
23 | Non-consensual sex and young people: looking ahead
Programme recommendations
Sex Without Consent
：Young People in Developing Countries
( 1 )
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
