Chapter
Gendering violence, conflict and war
Women and gender in formalreconstruction/peace-building processes
Gender mainstreaming in peace and security
PART I | Gendering the Neoliberal Imperial Project
1 | Gendering Informal Economies in Iraq
The analytics of a critical project
Informal activities and international developments
Informal economies in Iraq
Post-invasion informal economies
2 | The United States, the Iraqi Women’s Diaspora and Women’s ‘Empowerment’ in Iraq
Iraqi women’s diaspora activism and the invasion
The US administration and gendered war talk
Diaspora women and the ‘new Iraq’
Funding for ‘women’s empowerment’
Transnational women’s rights activism
Communal politics versus women’s ‘empowerment’ under occupation
Political bargaining, women’s rights and the constitution
Women’s activism and shifting gender identities in Iraq
3 | ‘Post-war Reconstruction’, Imperialism and Kurdish Women’s NGOs
Iraq: a state born in war
The (re)production of destruction: the case of the 1991 war
Disentangling contradictions in women’s NGOs: the context of the 2003 war and occupation
Kurdish women’s NGOs under US occupation
Concluding remarks: women’s NGOs, anti‑feminism and colonial feminism
PART II | Revisiting Transnational Women’s Activism in the Context of Conflict, Post-conflict Reconstruction and Peace-building
4 | Gender Mainstreaming and Feminist Organizing in the Middle East and North Africa
EU and UN gender mainstreaming initiatives
Gender mainstreaming and women’s and feminist organizing
Gender mainstreaming in conflict situations
Challenges for gender mainstreaming and feminist organizing in MENA
5 | ‘Here, it’s not about conflict resolution – we can only resist’: Palestinian Women’s Activism in Conflict Resolution and Non-violent Resistance
Historical overview of Palestinian women’s peace activism
Organizational forms of women’s peace-building
Aims of women’s peace-building
Strategies of women’s peace-building
PART III | Gender, Citizenship and Post-conflict Reconstruction
6 | Fragmented Citizenship: Communalism, Ethnicity and Gender in Iraq
Transition in the shadow of violence and conflict
The citizenship bargain: negotiating communalism, ethnicity and gender
7 | Gendered Palestinian Citizenship: Women, Legal Pluralism and Post-conflict Aid
Connective practices, women’s memberships and structural marginalization
Gender conventions and post-conflict
Gender, aid and non-liberal processes
Drafting citizenship in conflict
Post-conflict legal pluralism and the subject of law: towards which citizenship model?
Developmentalizing the diaspora – indications for gendered citizenship?
Conclusion | Gendering War and Transnationalism in the Middle East
Transnational interventions and gender
Implications of ‘gender mainstreaming’
Gendering war and conflict
Methodological and political considerations
Women and War in the Middle East
：Transnational Perspectives
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