Chapter
Table 0.1 Latin America’s ‘pink tide’ of presidential election winners since 1998
Table 6.1 Sandinista electoral performance, nationwide elections, 1984–2004
Table 6.2 Voting intentions, Nicaragua, 2006
Table 6.3 Nicaraguan national election results, 2006
Table 12.1 Growth of the Argentine economy, 2002–07
Box 2.1 Invoking history and identity
The temptation of oversimplification
Table 0.1 Latin America’s ‘pink tide’ of presidential election winners since 1998
Low-intensity representation
Citizenship under ‘pink tide’ governments
The spectre of populism haunting colonial supremacism
Part One | The left in Latin America
1 | Is Latin America moving leftwards? Problems and prospects
Different strategies, the same objectives?
Historical antecedents: another form of revisionism?
The contemporary period: avoiding the mistakes of the past
Radical social democracy and popular empowerment
2 | The Latin Americanization of the politics of emancipation
Particularities of Latin American society
Dictatorship, neoliberalism and the rise of social movements
The nationalization of the politics of emancipation
Box 2.1 Invoking history and identity
3 | Venezuela: the political evolution of Bolivarianism
The evolution of Bolivarianism
Bolivarianism phase 1: constitutionalism and moderation
Bolivarianism phase 2: conflict and radicalization
Bolivarianism phase 3: towards Twenty-first-century Socialism
4 | Venezuela: reinventing social democracy from below?
Conceptualizing social democracy
Popular politics in La Vega, Venezuela
Conclusion: beyond liberal democracy and markets in Venezuela – counter-hegemony in action
5 | Bolivia: playing by new rules
Economic liberalization and its critics
Social movements and their efficacy
Reasserting the primacy of the state
The Constituent Assembly and the vexed issue of ‘autonomism’
Bolivia and the outside world
6 | Nicaragua: the return of Daniel Ortega
Building power in opposition: 1990–2006
Table 6.1 Sandinista electoral performance, nationwide elections, 1984–2004
The return to power: a saga in several parts
Table 6.2 Voting intentions, Nicaragua, 2006
Table 6.3 Nicaraguan national election results, 2006
7 | Cuban socialism: recovery and change
‘Plan Bush’ and Bolivarianism
Cuban exceptionalism: regime change and retail therapy?
Equality of income and wealth
The ‘political power of the workers’
8 | Mexico: political parties and local participation
Mexico’s democratization and decentralization processes
Neoliberalism and the PRD’s political trajectory
The different discourses of governance
9 | Brazil: has the dream ended?
10 | Brazil: third ways in the Third World
Distinguishing the left in Brazil
Reformism in Ceará and radicalism in Rio Grande do Sul
State planning, participation and finance
Literacy campaigns and decentralization
School democracy and party–union relations
Student performance, evaluation and continuing challenges
11 | Chile: swimming against the tide?
Allende, Pinochet and the social democratization of theChilean left
Neoliberalism and the consolidation of market economics in Chile
Checks and balances under the Concertación governments
The technocratization of decision-making
The future of Chile’s social democratic model
12 | Argentina: reforming neoliberal capitalism
Latin America, Argentina and Peronism
The ‘convertibility regime’ and Argentina’s transformismo
The conservative–neoliberal legacy and national popular change
The IMF, social security, agribusiness and financing of development
The region as a framework of development
Table 12.1 Growth of the Argentine economy, 2002–07
State strengthening and new alliances
Conclusion: Nuestra América – the spectre haunting Washington
Different perspectives, different expectations
The vexed issue of populism
A social democratic continuum?
Reclaiming Latin America
：Experiments in Radical Social Democracy
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