Chapter
1.1 Land requirements for biofuel production
2.1 Total amount of above ground biomass
2.2 Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States
2.3 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5% ethanol produced from corn
2.4 Average inputs and energy inputs per hectare per year for switchgrass production
2.5 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5% ethanol produced from US switchgrass
2.6 Energy inputs and costs in soybean production per hectare in the US
2.7 Inputs per 1,000 kg of biodiesel oil from soybeans
3.1 Ethanol and biodiesel GHG emission reduction for selected paths
3.2 Energy balance in ethanol production
3.3 Land use for agriculture in selected countries
3.4 Displacement of 10 percent of world gasoline and diesel consumption
3.5 Biofuels production costs
3.6 Potential of sugarcane production in Brazil
3.7 Productivity in 2005 and expected gains for 2015 and 2025
3.8 The value of the jatropha industry to a household economy
4.1 Variation in required residue retention for continuous corn on select soils subject to rainfall and wind forces and two different field management practices
4.2 Cropping practice, yield assignment, and residue production
5.1 Population and access to electricity
6.1 Projections for biofuel production and petroleum/biofuel demand in transport sector
6.2 Total land area required for meeting total projected biofuel demand, where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand, for 2030
6.3 Biofuel carbon debt, and the number of years required to repay it in nine scenarios of biofuel production
6.4 Mean annual CO2 emission averaged over a 30-year period from land conversion, under different scenarios where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand in 2030
6.5 Biofuel crops: rainfall and land/climate requirements, and cultivation practices
7.1 Population development projections
7.2 Expected demand for cereals by region for all uses, food, and feed
7.3 Transportation fuel demand
7.4 IEA second-generation biofuel cost assumptions for 2010, 2030, and 2050
3.1 Evolution of Brazilian sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol production
3.2 Cost learning curve for sugarcane ethanol in Brazil
4.1 Comparison of meat and milk consumption changes over the last 40 years and projected changes according to similar rates for the next 20 years
4.2 Landscape management vision to more fully integrate economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture into integrated systems to produce food, feed, fibre, and fuel sustainably
4.3. Typical sugar beet distribution system
4.4 The Advanced Uniform-Format feedstock supply system
4.5 Projected 2008 biomass resource availability at different price levels without a grower payment
5.1 Twenty main commodities in 1997
5.2 Twenty main commodities in 2007
6.1 Biofuel crops, feedstocks, and fuels
7.1 Various conversion routes for biomass to biofuels
1 Food versus Fuel: Setting the Scene
The pro- and anti-biofuels arguments
Climate change and greenhouse gases
The role of biofuels in wealth creation and distribution
Land use and intensification of production
Table 1.1 Land requirements for biofuel production
Sustainability and certification schemes for biofuels
2 Why We Should Not Be Using Biofuels
World cropland and water resources
Table 2.1 Total amount of above ground biomass
Table 2.2 Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States
Table 2.3 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5 percent ethanol produced from corn
Grass and cellulosic ethanol
Table 2.4 Average inputs and energy inputs per hectare per year for switchgrass production
Table 2.5 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5 percent ethanol produced from US switchgrass
Table 2.6 Energy inputs and costs in soybean production per hectare in the US
Table 2.7 Inputs per 1,000 kg of biodiesel oil from soybeans
Rapeseed and canola biodiesel
3 Why Biofuels are Important
Overall benefits of biofuels
Table 3.1 Ethanol and biodiesel GHG emission reduction for selected paths
Table 3.2 Energy balance in ethanol production
Table 3.3 Land use for agriculture in selected countries
Table 3.4 Displacement of 10 percent of world gasoline and diesel consumption
Land-use policies and impacts on food prices
Figure 3.1 Evolution of Brazilian sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol production
Why biofuels are the most urgent alternative to fossil fuels
The complex nature of biofuels
Broad impacts on agriculture and rural development
Case Study: The potential of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil
Table 3.5 Biofuels production costs
Figure 3.2 Cost learning curve for sugarcane ethanol in Brazil
Table 3.6 Potential of sugarcane production in Brazil
Table 3.7 Productivity in 2005 and expected gains for 2015 and 2025
Case Study: Jatropha cultivation in Zambia
Table 3.8 The value of the jatropha industry to a household economy
4 Agriculture and Land Use Issues
Assessing resource potential
Figure 4.1 Comparison of meat and milk consumption changes over the last 40 years and projected changes according to similar rates for the next 20 years
Meeting the challenge: sustainable agricultural systems
Case Study: Implementing sustainabilty criteria to guide resource access
Table 4.1 Variation in required residue retention for continuous corn on select soils subject to rainfall and wind forces and two different field management practices
Table 4.2 Cropping practice, yield assignment, and residue production
Figure 4.2 Landscape management vision to more fully integrate economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture into integrated systems to produce food, feed, fibre, and fuel sustainably
Meeting the challenge: engineering accessible markets
Figure 4.3 Typical sugar beet distribution system
Figure 4.4. The Advanced Uniform-Format feedstock supply system
Figure 4.5 Projected 2008 biomass resource availability at different price levels without a grower payment
5 The Role of Biofuels in Promoting Rural Development
Impacts on food production
Contributions to poverty reduction and livelihoods
Table 5.1 Population and access to electricity
Infrastructure, investment, and capacity development
Figure 5.1 Twenty main commodities in 1997
Figure 5.2 Twenty main commodities in 2007
Policies and verification systems to promote sustainability
6 Biofuels and Climate Change
Biofuel crops and technologies
Figure 6.1 Biofuel crops, feedstocks, and fuels
Biofuel production, programmes, and targets
Table 6.1 Projections for biofuel production and petroleum/biofuel demand in transport sector
Land area for biofuel production
Table 6.2 Total land area required for meeting total projected biofuel demand, where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand, for 2030
Implications for food production
Biofuel production and GHG emissions
Table 6.3 Biofuel carbon debt, and the number of years required to repay it in nine scenarios of biofuel production
Table 6.4 Mean annual CO2 emission averaged over a 30-year period from land conversion, under different scenarios where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand in 2030
Projections of climate change
Table 6.5 Biofuel crops: rainfall and land/climate requirements, and cultivation practices
Impacts of climate change on biofuel production
7 Future Trends in Biomass Resources for Food and Fuel
Table 7.1 Population development projections
Table 7.2 Expected demand for cereals by region for all uses, food, and feed
Table 7.3 Transportation fuel demand
The bioscience revolution
Future crops and feedstocks for biofuels
Figure 7.1 Various conversion routes for biomass to biofuels
Table 7.4 IEA second-generation biofuel cost assumptions for 2010, 2030, and 2050
Biomass resources in transition
8 Food versus Fuel: Concluding Remarks
The anti-biofuels arguments
The pro-biofuels arguments
Socio-economic objectives and impacts
Climate change implications
Food versus Fuel
：An Informed Introduction to Biofuels
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