Chapter
PART I What Is Pluralism?
1 Neoclassical Economics: Three Identifying Features
The First Axiom of Neoclassical Economics: Methodological Individualism
The Second Axiom of Neoclassical Economics: Methodological Instrumentalism
The Third Axiom of Neoclassical Economics: Methodological Equilibration
Three Axioms, One Neoclassical Economics
Some Thoughts on Neoclassicism’s Discursive Power and its Aversion to Pluralism
2 Pluralism, Formalism and American Economics
Why This History Is Important
The Victory of the Coalition of Formalists and Marshallians over the Institutionalists
The Institutional Cause of Institutionalists’ Demise
The Victory of Formalists over Marshallians
The Instability of Marshall’s Straddle
Some Final Comments and Some Thoughts about the Future
3 The Construction of Economics
Economics and Task Uncertainty
4 Paradigms and Pluralism
Emerging Objections to the Pluralist Turn
Towards an Egalitarian Pluralist Economics
Towards a Better (and More Heterodox) Economics
PART II Arguments for Pluralism
The Narrative Pluralism of Twentieth-century Physics
6 Three Arguments for Pluralism
On the Meaning of Paradigm, Ideology, Pluralism and Democracy
The Ideology of Neoclassical Economics
Cost–benefit Analysis and Democracy as a Case
Table 7.1 Categories of approaches to decision-making
Conclusions and Recommendations for Education in Economics
The Limits to Reductionism
In Conclusion: Theoretical Pluralism
Tony Lawson’s Criticisms of Mainstream Economics
Tony Lawson’s Alternative View on Ontology and Explanation
Scrutinizing Lawson’s Proposals on Ontology and Explanation
Are Lawson’s Proposals Pluralistic?
Conclusion: Some Open Questions about Pluralism
PART III Pluralist Practice in Economics
10 Beyond Talking the Talk
Critical Pluralism: An Introduction
Monotheoretic Heterodoxy: An Inadequate Informal Norm
Monotheoretic Practice and the Cult of the Economic Expert
Material Roots: The Practice of Economic Research
Ideological Roots: The Myth of the Evolutionary Selection of Ideas
Can Economics Reform Itself?
11 In the Economics Classroom
Perry’s Scheme of Cognitive and Ethical Development
Consequences of Mismatches between Students’ and Lecturers’ Expectations
Phases of Development among Academic Economists, Too?
Strategies for Assisting Progression Towards Committed Relativism and Beyond
When and How to Bring Indeterminacy into the Economics Classroom
12 Some Practical Aspects
Individual or Collective Pluralism
13 Islamic Economics: A Case Study
Background of Course ECON 1710: Foundations of Islamic Economics (FIE)
Can There Be a Religion-based Economics?
Pluralist Economics
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