About the editors

Tables, figures and maps

Tables

5.1 INC engagement approaches and demands

9.1 Kidnapping/hostage-taking in Bayelsa state, 2004–07

12.1 Educational distribution of respondents by village

12.2 Respondents’ employment in oil MNCs by village

12.3 Nature of respondents’ employment by village

12.4 Public sector roles

12.5 CSR roles and government agencies

13.1 State and clan affiliation of ‘hosts’ to the Soku gas plant

Figures

5.1 Projects of the presidential committee on the disbursement of the1.5 per cent oil-producing areas development fund

5.2 Comparison of revenue allocation to six geopolitical zones of Nigeria

12.1 Conceptual linkage of CSR and conflict in the Niger Delta

12.2 Corporate–community relations practices

12.3 Comparison of monthly allocations to Rivers state and other Nigerian states

Maps

1 The Niger Delta states

13.1 The region around the Soku gas plant

Acronyms

Map 1: The Niger Delta states

Introduction: Petro-violence in the Niger Delta – the complex politics of an insurgency

The Niger Delta and oil

Background to the conflict in the Niger Delta

Scope of the book

PART ONE | Causes of conflict, state (in)capacities

1 | The Nigerian state, oil and the Niger Delta crisis

Introduction

Revisiting the ‘resource war’ perspective to violent conflict

The technologies and politics of dispossession

Alienation, group mobilization and violent conflicts

Conclusion: the imperative of resource ownership and control

2 | Capacity and governance deficits in the response to the Niger Delta crisis

Introduction

Salient dimensions of the Niger Delta conflict

Elements of a comprehensive response

Capacity and governance aspects of the response crisis

Charting a way forward

Conclusion

3 | The struggle for resource control and violence in the Niger Delta

Introduction

Resource control and petro-violence in the Niger Delta

Resource control and the future of petro-violence

Resource control, peace and sustainable development in the Niger Delta

4 | The Niger Delta crisis and the question of access to justice

Introduction

Access to justice: some conceptual issues

Law, legitimacy and access to justice

Law, the Nigerian state, oil, and the implications for access to justice in the Niger Delta

The grievances

The legislative framework

Impediments in the judicial system

The move towards activism as an alternative means of seeking justice

The government’s response to the rise in activism

Conclusion

5 | The Ijaw National Congress and conflict resolution in the Niger Delta

Introduction

Ijaws and the Niger Delta

Figure 5.1 Projects of the presidential committee on the disbursement of the 1.5 percent oil-producing areas development fund

Ijaw nationalism and the formation of the INC

The history of the INC

Table 5.1 INC engagement approaches and demands

The INC’s agenda for conflict resolution in the Niger Delta

Interrogating the INC’s agenda for resource control, conflict resolution and peace-building in the Niger Delta

Figure 5.2 Comparison of revenue allocation to six geopolitical zones of Nigeria

Conclusion

6 | Changing the paradigm of pacification: oil and militarization in Nigeria’s Delta region

Introduction

The evolution of an unending crisis

Oil, militarization and the banality of state power

Multinational oil companies and the militarization of extraction

The more things change …? Oil and the future of the Niger Delta

7 | Nigeria’s oil diplomacy and the management of the Niger Delta crisis

Introduction

Oil multinationals and the Nigerian state: more than a partnership of convenience?

Oil MNCs and their home governments

Government strategies for managing the Niger Delta crisis

The international dimension to government’s management of the Niger Delta crisis

The global securitization of the Niger Delta: emerging challenges for Nigeria’s oil diplomacy

Conclusion

PART TWO | Conflict actors’ dynamics

8 | ‘Mend Me’: the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and the empowerment of violence

Introduction

Neopatrimonialism as social practice

Social banditry and neopatrimonial structures

The nature of the insurgency

Conclusion

9 | Popular and criminal violence as instruments of struggle in the Niger Delta region

Introduction

Conceptual and analytical notes

The oil economy and the emergence of militant agitation in the Niger Delta

Youth militias in the Niger Delta: complexities and colorations

From protesters to militias

Table 9.1 Kidnapping/hostage-taking in Bayelsa state, 2004–07

Popular violence and the insurgency in the Niger Delta

Criminal violence in the Niger Delta

Conclusion

10 | Swamped with weapons: the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons in the Niger Delta

Introduction

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons

The drivers behind the proliferation

Methods of sourcing small arms and light weapons

The devastating impact of small arms and light weapons

11 | Women’s protests in the Niger Delta region

Introduction

Conflict: theorizing women’s protests

Women’s protests in the Niger Delta region

Organization of women’s protests in the Niger Delta

Factors engendering women’s protests in the Niger Delta region

Women’s protests – successes or failures?

Conclusion

PART THREE | Oil MNCs’ response(s)

12 | Corporate social responsibility and the Niger Delta conflict: issues and prospects

Introduction

Oil multinationals and the dynamics of CSR strategies in the Niger Delta: trends and issues

Figure 12.1 Conceptual linkage of CSR and conflict in the Niger Delta

Figure 12.2 Corporate–community relations practices

CSR–conflict nexus: conceptual framework

Corporate Social Responsibility and conflict in the Niger Delta: opportunities and challenges

The CSR–conflict nexus: structural constraints

Table 12.1 Educational distribution of respondents by village

Table 12.2 Respondents’ employment in oil MNCs by village

Table 12.3 Nature of respondents’ employment by village

The CSR–conflict nexus: CSR practices and systemic issues

The CSR–conflict nexus: questions of an enabling environment

Table 12.4 Public sector roles

Table 12.5 CSR roles and government agencies

Figure 12.3 Comparison of monthly allocations to Rivers state and other Nigerian states

Emerging issues and conclusion

13 | Labelling oil, contesting governance: Legaloil.com, the GMoU and profiteering in the Niger Delta

Legaloil.com

The GMoU

Soku: conflict transformation and territorial security

Map 13.1 The region around the Soku gas plant

Table 13.1 State and clan affiliation of ‘hosts’ to the Soku gas plant

From the ‘whole community’ to the GMoU

Conclusion

14 | Conclusion: amnesty and post-amnesty peace, is the window of opportunity closing for the Niger Delta?

Introduction

Peace initiatives under President Yar’Adua (2007–09)

Post-amnesty DDR: how wide a window?

Conclusion: peering through a half-open, half-closed window

Notes

Introduction

Chapter 1

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 6

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Bibliography

Contributors

Index