Chapter
1.1 Public sector revenue and expenditure (1980–2009)
1.2 The public sector budget balances (1980–2009)
1.3 Financial Requirements of the Public Sector (FRPS) (1990–2008)
1.4 Total public expenditure (1980–2009)
1.5 Latin American Index of Budgetary Transparency (results for Mexico)
1.6 Inflation rate and economic growth (1980–2009)
1.7 Economic growth and employment in micro-enterprises as a share of total urban employment (1993–2004)
1.8 Index of average real wages in manufacturing and the real minimum wage (1980–2007)
2.1 Total government deficits as a percentage of GDP
2.2 Federal Funds Rate (1960–2009)
2.3 Unemployment: current and prior recessions
2.4 Index of productivity and hourly compensation of production and non-supervisory workers (1959–2008)
2.5 Good jobs, as a share of total employment (1979–2006)
3.1 Public expenditure on social development and economic development
3.2 Per capita social expenditure in Latin America
3.3 Public expenditure on health and education in Mexico
3.4 Trends in real per capita public health spending in Latin America
3.5 Under-five child mortality rates in Latin America
3.6 Maternal mortality rates in Latin American countries
3.7 Underspending in Mexico’s public health sector
3.8 Affiliation to the Popular Insurance among rural uninsured
3.9 Distribution of Popular Insurance accredited medical units across states
3.10 Anti-poverty expenditure
3.11 Chronic undernourishment in children aged under five, by region (1988–2006)
3.12 Chronic undernourishment in children under five, by income deciles (1999–2006)
3.13 Chronic undernourishment among indigenous and non-indigenous children (1988–2006)
3.14 Open Budget Index 2008
3.15 Index of participation in the budgetary process, selected Latin American countries (2007 and 2009)
4.1 Federal government outlays by function, percentage of GDP (1980–2009)
4.2 Public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2007)
4.3 Public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP (1980–2007)
4.4 Public social expenditure per head, at constant prices and constant PPPs, in 2000 $US (1980–2007)
4.5 Expenditure on Medicare and Medicaid as share of GDP (1980–2008)
4.6 US per capita public health expenditure in 2008 dollars (1980–2008)
4.7 Percentage of US population covered by different types of health insurance
4.8 Per capita public expenditure on health, US$ PPP (1980–2008)
4.9 Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births), United States
4.10 Maternal mortality (deaths per 100,000 live births), United States
4.11 Insurance coverage of non-elderly population by race and ethnicity (2009)
4.12 Uninsured rates by citizenship status (2009)
4.13 Percentage of people without insurance by race/ethnicity
4.14 Percentage of people without insurance by sex
4.15 Infant mortality rate by race and ethnicity (infant deaths per 1,000 live births)
4.16 Maternal mortality rate by race and ethnicity (deaths per 100,000 live births)
4.17 Age-adjusted death rates by race/ethnicity (per 100,000 population)
4.18 Five-year relative cancer survival rates for selected cancer sites by race and sex
4.19 Selected indicators of utilization of health resources by race (2009)
4.20 Trends in prevalence of food insecurity in US households
4.21 US households with food insecurity by various household characteristics
4.22 US households with very low food security by various household characteristics
5.1 Structure of public sector revenue (2008)
5.2 Oil revenues of the public sector as a percentage of GDP
5.3 Federal government revenue (1980–2008) (as a percentage of GDP)
5.4 Income tax (ISR), VAT and royalties as a percentage of total government revenue
5.5 Government revenue (1986–2008)
5.6 Tax revenue by type of tax (1980–2007)
5.7 Structure of income tax collection
5.8 Tax revenue in OECD countries, America and Mexico (2004)
5.9 Share of property tax in GDP
5.10 Monetary income distribution by decile (1998–2006)
5.11 Income tax contribution and tax incidence by decile
5.12 VAT: share and incidence by income groups (2002)
5.13 Incidence of VAT taxation by income decile (1984–2004)
5.14 Fiscal and tax information requested by IFAI
5.15 Civil penalties for fiscal lawbreaking
5.16 Tax evasion and avoidance in Mexico (2003)
6.1 Total tax revenue as percentage of GDP: United States .
6.2 Total tax revenue as percentage of GDP (1975–2007): country comparison
6.3 Percentage composition of tax receipts by source (1960–2006)
6.4 Corporate versus personal share of federal income tax
6.5 Incidence of US federal taxes by household income group (1960, 2004)
6.6 Comparing average incidence of different state and local taxes on household income of different household groups
6.7 Incidence of state and local taxes on household income of different household groups (2007, all states)
6.8 Average changes in state and local taxes as shares of income (1989–2007, all states)
6.9 Distribution of family income by race
6.10 Poverty rates of families by race and presence of workers in female-headed households (2008)
6.11 Ratio of black and Hispanic to white median family income (average of all households)
6.12 Ratio of black and Hispanic to white median family income (by type of household)
6.13 Income tax deductions, compared to income, individuals and businesses
6.14 Audits of corporations
6.15 Number of civil penalties against corporations
7.1 PROCAMPO programme, 1994–2007: total budget, producers supported, hectares of land supported
7.2 PROCAMPO programme, 1994–2007: support per producer and per hectare
7.3 Structure of exports in Mexico (1980–2007)
7.4 Jobs and wages in the clothing industry in Mexico (1988–2004)
7.5 Jobs and wages in the auto parts industry in Mexico (1988–2004)
7.6 Manufacturing sector in Mexico: productivity versus real wages (1988–2004)
7.7 Monthly real wages in Mexico: agriculture versus manufacturing sector (1988–2004)
7.8 Men’s and women’s real monthly salaries in the export maquila sector (1997–2006)
7.9 Monthly real wages in the export maquila sector (1980–2006)
7.10 Employment in the export maquila sector (1980–2006)
7.11 CPI variation (1994–2008)
7.12 Food expenditure as a share of monetary current income of households, by deciles (2000–06)
7.13 General inflation and food inflation, compared to minimum wage
10.1 Share of households covered by private pension plans
10.2 Share of pension participants primarily in defined contribution plans (1975–98)
10.3 Share of pension participants in defined contribution and defined benefit plans (1980–2004)
10.4 Poverty rate among elderly Americans
1.1 Macroeconomic indicators (1993–2009)
1.2 Structure of employment by type of contract, 1995, 2000, 2007
1.3 National poverty lines as a percentage of the minimum wage (1992–2008)
3.1 Registered maternal deaths at the sub-national level
3.2 Shares of public expenditure by deciles (2000)
3.3 Health spending by group
3.4 Distribution of population by insurance and locality (2005)
3.5 Social security entitlements among the indigenous and nonindigenouspopulation, 2005
3.6 Distribution of maternal deaths in the country
3.7 Undernourishment of children aged under five
4.1 Health expenditure indicators: selected high-income countries
4.2 Life expectancy indicators: selected high-income countries
4.3 Healthcare indicators for eight industrialized countries
5.1 Mexico: tax revenue as percentage of GDP
7.1 NAALC’s labour principles
7.2 Imports as a share of the domestic consumption of staple foods, Mexico (1990–2005)
7.3 Average CPI of selected products with reference to the general index (1980–2008)
8.1 NAFTA trade-related job displacement, 1993–2004: analysis by social group
9.1 Total number of pensions granted by IMSS and ISSSTE
9.2 The changing qualification conditions for an IMSS pension
9.3 Active labour force and social security access, disaggregated by age, education and gender
5.1 Eliminating explict gender bias in personal income tax (PIT)
Introduction: Economic Policies and Human Rights Obligations
Dialogue between human rights advocates and progressive economists
Clarification of human rights obligations
Key principles in meeting obligations regarding economic and social rights
Evaluating economic policies in the light of human rights obligations
Holding governments to account
Changing the way that economists evaluate policies
1 | Fiscal and Monetary Policy and the Right to Work: Mexico
Conduct of monetary policy
Results of fiscal and monetary policy with respect to the right to work and
to just and favourable conditions of work
2 | Human Rights Dimensions of Fiscal and Monetary Policies: United States
Fiscal and monetary policy and the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work
Fiscal and monetary policy in the United States
Non-discrimination and equality
Transparency, accountability, participation: fiscal policy
3 | Human Rights and Public Expenditure in Mexico
Progressive realization and non-retrogression
Non-discrimination and equality
Minimum core obligations: the right to an adequate standard of living, especially the right to food
Transparency, accountability and participation
4 | Human Rights and Public Expenditure in the USA
Progressive realization and non-retrogression: public expenditure and the right to health
Non-discrimination and equality in right to health
Minimum core levels of rights: the right to food
Transparency, accountability and participation
5 | Taxation and Economic and Social Rights in Mexico
Sources of public sector revenue in Mexico
Taxation and the use of maximum available resources
Non-discrimination and equality
Box 5.1 Eliminating explict gender bias in personal income tax (PIT)
Transparency, accountability and participation
6 | Taxation and Economic and Social Rights in the USA
Conclusions/recommendations
7 | Trade Policy and Human Rights: Mexico
Progressive realization, with respect to the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work
Non-discrimination and equality, with respect to the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work
Minimum core obligations to ensure a minimum level of enjoyment of key rights: the right to food
8 | Trade Policy and Human Rights Obligations of the USA: NAFTA
Non-discrimination and equality
Which of my rights are protected?
May I initiate a complaint directly if my rights are violated?
Do I have the right to bring legal action in the country where the violation occurred?
If the violations continue and go unpunished by the other country, may I seek remedies at a higher level?
If the other government refuses to abide by the decision, are trade sanctions imposed?
Minimum core obligations (with respect to the right to food in Mexico)
Accountability, transparency and participation
9 | Regulation: Pension Reform and Human Rights in Mexico
Mexico’s retirement security system
Progressive realization and non-retrogression
Non-discrimination and equality
Transparency and accountability
10 | Regulation: Pension Reform and Human Rights in the USA
Ageing populations and pension reform
The United States’ retirement security system
Progressive realization and non-retrogression
Non-discrimination and equality
Transparency and accountability
Economic Policy and Human Rights
：Holding Governments to Account
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