Description
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Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment reviews the application of bioanalytical tools to the assessment of water quality including surveillance monitoring. The types of water included range from wastewater to drinking water, including recycled water, as well as treatment processes and advanced water treatment. Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment not only demonstrates applications but also fills in the background knowledge in toxicology/ecotoxicology needed to appreciate these applications.
Each chapter summarises fundamental material in a targeted way so that information can be applied to better understand the use of bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment. Bioanalytical tools in Water Quality Assessment can be used by lecturers teaching academic and professional courses and also by risk assessors, regulators, experts, consultants, researchers and managers working in the water sector. It can also be a reference manual for environmental engineers, analytical chemists, and toxicologists.
Authors: Beate Escher, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, Australia, Frederic Leusch, Smart Water Research Facility (G51), Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Australia. With contributions by Heather Chapman and Anita Poulsen
Chapter
1.5.3 Modes of toxic action
1.6 BIOASSAY SELECTION AND DESIGN OF A TEST BATTERY
1.6.1 Protection-goal motivated test battery design
1.6.2 Chemical-group motivated test battery design
1.7 APPLICATIONS OF BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
1.8 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS ARE COMPLEMENTARY MONITORING TOOLS
2.2 CURRENT RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS
2.2.1 Hazard identification
2.2.2.1 Dose-response assessment
2.2.3 Exposure assessment
2.2.4 Risk characterisation
2.3 APPLICATION OF BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS IN CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
2.3.2 Integrated testing strategy
2.3.3 Alternatives to animal testing methods
2.3.5 Future directions for application of bioanalytical tools in quantitative risk assessment
3.2.2 Recycled water, stormwater and managed aquifer recharge
3.4 WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY (WET)
3.4.1 Test systems in aquatic ecotoxicology commonly applied to WET testing
3.4.2 In situ WET testing
3.4.3 Ecological endpoints
3.4.4 Biomarkers in WET testing
3.4.5 “WET testing” using bioanalytical tools
3.4.6 Case study 1 – WET testing of Sydney municipal effluents
3.4.7 Case study 2 – Screening of wastewater quality using the fish embryo test
4.2.1 Uptake, distribution and elimination
4.2.2 Xenobiotic metabolism
4.2.3 Toxicokinetic indicators of chemical exposure
4.2.4 Reflecting toxicokinetics in cell-based bioassays
4.3 TOXICODYNAMIC PROCESSES: TOXICITY PATHWAYS
4.4 MODE OF ACTION CLASSIFICATION
4.4.1 Non-specific toxicity
4.4.2 Specific modes of toxic action
4.4.2.1 Enzyme inhibition
4.4.2.2 Disturbance of energy production
4.4.2.4 Modulation of endocrine functions
4.4.3.1 Direct genotoxicity
4.4.3.2 Non-specific reactivity towards proteins
4.4.3.4 Lipid peroxidation
4.5 KEEPING THE RIGHT BALANCE: GENERAL STRESS RESPONSE PATHWAYS
5.4 TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY
5.4.3 Cardiovascular toxicity
5.4.3.2 Vascular toxicity
5.5 NON-ORGAN-DIRECTED TOXICITY
5.5.2 Developmental toxicology
5.6.5 Reproductive toxicity
6.2 FROM THE CELLULAR LEVEL TO THE ECOSYSTEM
6.3 ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS
6.3.1 Adverse outcome pathways for algae
6.3.1.1 Baseline toxicity
6.3.1.2 Inhibition of photosynthesis by herbicides
6.3.2 Adverse outcome pathways for water flea
6.3.2.1 Baseline toxicity
6.3.2.2 Activity of insecticides
6.3.3 Adverse outcome pathways for fish
6.3.3.1 Baseline toxicity
6.4 USING IN VITRO ASSAYS TO UNDERSTAND TOXICITY PATHWAYS IN AQUATIC LIFE
7.2 DOSE RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
7.2.1 Dose-response curves
7.2.3 Benchmark values to describe effects
7.3 TOXIC EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT
7.3.1 Relative effect potency (REP)
7.3.2 Relative enrichment factor (REF) and toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ)
7.3.3 Limitations to the application of the TEQ concept in water quality assessment
8.2 TOXICITY OF DEFINED MIXTURES
8.2.2 Concentration or dose addition
8.2.3 Synergistic and antagonistic effects
8.2.4 Grouping of chemicals
8.2.5 Something from nothing?
8.3 ASSESSMENT OF CONCENTRATION-ADDITIVE EFFECTS USING THE TOXIC EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT
8.4 MIXTURES IN RISK ASSESSMENT
8.4.2 Do we need to account for mixture effects in risk assessment?
8.4.3 Existing regulations
8.5 MIXTURES AND WATER QUALITY
8.5.1 What types of mixture effects occur in watersamples with thousands of chemicals at very lowconcentrations?
8.5.2 Bridging the gap between chemical and bioassay analysis of mixtures: TEQchem and TEQbio
9.2 PRINCIPLES OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAYS
9.3 PLANNING A SOUND BIOASSAY BATTERY
9.4 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF NON-SPECIFIC TOXICITY
9.4.4 Mammalian and human cell lines
9.5 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF REACTIVE TOXICITY
9.5.1 Genotoxic carcinogens
9.5.2 Non-genotoxic electrophilic mechanisms
9.5.3 Epigenetic carcinogens
9.6 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF SPECIFIC MODES OF ACTION
9.6.1 Target organ toxicity
9.6.1.3 Cardiovascular toxicity
9.6.2 Non-organ-directed toxicity
9.6.2.2 Developmental toxicity
9.6.3.4 Endocrine effects
9.6.3.5 Reproductive toxicity
10.3 QA/QC IN THE LABORATORY
10.3.1.1 Within-plate replication
10.3.1.2 Between-plates replication
10.3.1.3 Between-runs replication
10.3.1.4 True sample replicates
10.3.2 Quality control samples
10.3.2.2 Positive control sample
10.3.2.3 Negative control sample
10.3.2.4 Field and laboratory blanks
10.3.2.5 Inter-assay sample
10.3.3 Control charts and fixed control criteria
10.3.3.2 Fixed control criteria
10.3.4 Standardisation and documentation
10.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION
11.1.1 Historical background
11.1.2 Bioassay battery design considerations
11.1.3 Assessing treatment efficacy using bioassays
11.1.4 Introduction to the case studies
11.2 APPLICATION OF BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS TO ASSESS THE REMOVAL OF MICROPOLLUTANTS ACROSS THE URBAN WATER CYCLE
11.2.1 The urban water cycle: From sewage to drinkingwater
11.2.2 Some practical considerations
11.2.3 Benchmarking of water quality across the water cycle
11.2.4 Benchmarking treatment technologies
11.2.5 Comparison of chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools
11.3 BENCHMARKING HUMAN HEALTH RISK OF DIFFFERENT TYPES OF WATERS
11.4 ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WITH OZONATION
12.2.1 A sound guidance for selection of bioassays based on the conceptual framework of toxicity pathways
12.2.2 A more comprehensive measure of the realm of chemical pollutants
12.3 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES
12.3.1 Matrix effects and extraction methods
12.3.2 Linking bioanalysis with chemical analysis
12.3.3 Linking bioanalysis with whole-animal testing
12.3.4 Bioassays that require further development
12.3.6 Three dimensional cell systems to better model whole organism response
12.3.7 Bioanalytical tools as the canaries in the coalmine?
12.4 THE ROAD TO REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE
12.4.1 Option 1: No observed effect of the undiluted water sample
12.4.2 Option 2: Definition of effect-based trigger values
12.4.3 Option 3: Redefinition of effect-based guideline values
Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment
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