Chapter
2.0 Urban water as a part of integrated catchment management
2.2 EFFECTS OF URBANISATION ON WATER RESOURCES
2.2.2 Urban wastewater effluent impacts on receiving waters
2.2.2.3 Impacts on public health
2.3 INTEGRATED CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT
2.3.2 Wastewater treatment and disposal
2.3.3 Flood protection and drainage
2.3.4 Water as a General Amenity
2.3.5 Integration of water management requirements
2.4 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT
2.4.1.1 Problem definition
2.4.1.2 Hierarchical planning of problem solutions
2.4.1.3 Integrated urban water planning within the catchment master planning
2.4.1.4 Approaches in planning new developments and upgrading old ones
2.4.1.5 Considerations for integrated water management planning in developing countries
2.4.2 Implementation strategy
2.4.3 Legislative and administrative support
3.0 Interactions wtih the urban environment
3.1.3 Urban water systems
3.2.4 Rainwater harvesting
3.3.1.2 Effects of treatment on water quality in distribution networks
3.3.2.1 Change of paradigm
3.3.2.2. Changed role of water distribution systems
3.3.2.3 Leakage detection and management
3.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of aged systems—art versus technology
3.3.3.1 Separate foul sewerage
3.3.3.2 Separate storm sewerage (piped)
3.3.3.3 Combined sewerage
3.3.3.4 Storm drainage (source control)
3.3.4 Wastewater treatment
3.3.4.1 End-of-pipe treatment
3.3.4.3 Sludge treatment and disposal
3.4.4.2 Evolution of European policy
3.4.4.3 Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive
3.4.4.4 Bathing Water Directive
3.4.4.5 Water Framework Directive
3.4.5 Intermittent standards
3.5.1. Streams and rivers
4.0 Infrastructure integration issues
4.2 INTEGRATING AND ENHANCING WATER IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT
4.2.1 Urban development tools and methods
4.2.1.2 A town planning crisis?
4.2.1.3 Long-lasting urban framework: integration of various scales
4.2.1.4 Tools for town policy, urban planning, regional development and water planning in France
4.2.1.5 Two key factors: population forecasts and urban density
4.2.1.6 “Spontaneous” districts
4.2.2 Water’s complex role in the city
4.2.2.1 The social, economic and cultural stake; accessible water in towns
4.2.2.2 Water the “urban art” material
4.2.2.3 Water and public hygiene
4.2.2.4 The influence of the existing structures
4.2.3 Water quality requirements
4.3 GETTING USED TO WATERCOURSES OVER-FLOWING AND CONTROLLING URBAN RUNOFF
4.3.1 What to do in floodplains
4.3.1.1 Do not develop new urbanisation in exposed areas
4.3.1.2 Upgrading spaces by developing them for leisure
4.3.1.3 Constructing or rehabilitating by reducing vulnerability
4.3.1.4 Protecting sensitive equipment
4.3.1.5 Constructing roads suitable for occasional floods
4.3.2 Controlling urban runoff
4.3.2.1 Statutory regulations for town planning
4.3.2.2 Building measures limiting runoff
4.3.2.3 Local technical resources
4.3.2.4 Detention basins and their integration into the urban scene
4.3.2.5 Adapting urban management to the risks of flooding
4.4 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
4.4.1 Demand and resource
4.4.1.1 Predicting water needs
4.4.2 Satisfying new regulations and reducing by-products
4.4.2.1 Further refining the quality of treated water
4.4.2.2 Use of membranes in drinking water treatment
Clarification and disinfection
Micropollutants and organic matter
Treatments applying coagulation / sedimentation steps prior to UF may be considered in particular for surface water with fairly high organic contents, because the UF membranes cannot be operated directly on the resource because of the likelihood of fouli
Integrated multi-objective membrane systems: UF pre-treatment followed by NF/RO
4.4.3 Use of desalination techniques
4.4.3.5 Distillation versus Membrane Treatments
Energy Consumption in Desalination Processes
4.4.4 Treating the wastewater and wastes from drinking water production
4.4.5 Diversity of water distribution systems
4.4.5.2 Water distribution systems in developed nations
4.4.5.3 Water distribution systems in the urban environment of developing nations
4.4.6 Quality – Operations – Maintenance
4.4.6.1 Quality of distributed water
4.4.6.3 Water metering — customer management
4.5 WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER COLLECTION
4.5.1.3 Stormwater networks
4.5.1.4 Vacuum and pressure networks
4.5.2 Private connections
4.5.3 Industrial connections
4.5.5 Quality, maintenance and operation
4.6.2 Toward safer treatment methods
4.6.3 Better treatment performances
4.6.5 Process integration (sludge, waste, energy)
5.0 Emerging paradigms in water supply and sanitation
5.1 NEED FOR PARADIGM SHIFT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
5.1.1 Water in the 21st Century
5.1.2 Urban sanitation is the first step for control of water pollution
5.1.3 Diversion of urine from sewage pipes for eutrophication control
5.1.4 How urine recovery is advantageous for nutrient recycle
5.1.5 An emerging issue: endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the ecosystem and human hormone discharge
5.1.6 Another important option for urban sanitation: Ecological Sanitation
5.2 NEED FOR PARADIGM SHIFT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
5.2.2 Development of person load (PL)
5.2.3 Type of wastewater in the future
5.2.5 Wastewater design for households
5.2.7 Pollution of water, air and soil
5.3 NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE PARADIGM SHIFT
5.3.1 New biotechnology for end-of-pipe treatment
5.3.2 Source control sanitation and treatment options
5.3.3 Treatment options for fractions of household wastewater
5.4 NEW APPROACHES FOR SOLVING THE NEED FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
5.4.2 Problems facing developing countries
5.4.2.3 Lack of expertise
5.4.2.4 Lack of institutional support
5.4.3 Current solutions in developing countries
5.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
5.5.1 Research and development needs for source control and recycle of nutrients
5.5.2 Research for problems of developing countries
5.5.2.3 Social and cultural factors
5.5.3 The contribution of information and automation technology to new biotechnology
6.0 Problems of developing countries
6.1.1 Population explosion
6.1.2 Financial limitations
6.1.3 Institutional problems
6.2 WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH
6.2.1 Effects of polluted water
6.2.2 Protection of public health
6.2.3 Water-related diseases
Water-related insect vectors:
6.2.4 Water quality standards
6.3 URBAN AND PERI-URBAN STRUCTURES
6.3.1 Reasons for patterns
6.3.4 Environmental degradation
6.4.4 Alternative systems
6.4.5 Stages of development
6.4.6 Problems in supply (Lyonnaise des Eaux, 1998)
6.4.7 Alternative approaches
6.4.9 How much do the poor in urban areas pay for water?
6.5.2 Treatment and reuse
6.5.3 Practical treatment systems
6.5.4 Sewerage: the Cinderella service
6.6.1 Community participation
7.0 Economic and financial aspects
7.1 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS OF WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE
7.1.1 Overview of infrastructure costs
7.1.2 Impact of various parameters on these costs
7.1.2.1 Defined parameters
7.1.2.2 Partly defined or adaptable parameters
7.1.2.3 Adaptable parameters: service standards
7.2 WAYS AND MEANS OF FINANCING
7.2.2.1 Subsidies and interest rate rebates
7.2.2.2 Contributions from beneficiaries
7.2.2.3 Borrowing and investments
7.3 THE COSTS OF WATER SERVICES
7.3.1 Theoretical considerations
7.3.1.1 Breakdown of the costs of the water service
7.3.1.3 Evaluation of costs
7.3.3 Wastewater disposal
7.3.4 The effects of the service organisation
7.5 WATER AND WASTEWATER PRICING
7.5.2.3 Protecting the poor
7.5.2.6 Direct government subsidies
7.5.2.7 Wastewater pricing
7.6 CITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
7.6.1 Financing water services
7.6.1.1 The failure to appreciate the economic value of water
7.6.1.3 The ability to pay
7.6.2 Factors influencing the viability of institutions providing water services
8.0 Social, institutional and regulatory issues
8.1 PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER
8.1.1 Urban dynamics is a test case of sustainability
8.1.2 Civil society initiatives need serious consideration: not harassment
8.1.3 Three types of management systems
8.2 THREE PRINCIPAL TASKS
8.3 THE NEW HYDRO-SOCIAL CONTRACT
8.4 HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND A NEW MILLENNIUM
8.4.1 Repeating historical experience or alternative path of development?
8.4.2 Walking on two legs: the experience in the West
8.5 URBAN DYNAMICS IN THE SOUTH: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
8.5.1 Opportunities and hardship
8.5.2 Authorities and unauthorised settlements
8.5.3 A new category of pollution
8.5.4 An integrated approach in a basin context
8.6 STAGES OF A WATER USE AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLICY
8.6.1 Stage I: out-of-sight and out-of-mind strategy
8.6.2 Stage II: end-of-pipe strategy
8.6.3 Stage III: clean production technologies
8.6.4 Stage IV: modification of social and institutional responsibilities
8.7 RESPONSES OF CIVIL SOCIETY TO WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
8.7.1 Support from community but not from Government
8.7.2 Communities as pressure groups—examples from India
8.7.3 A choice between public health and income opportunities?
8.7.4 Scaling up operation without recognition in policy: challenges for the Orangi Pilot Project, Pakistan
8.7.5 Establishing a working relation between civil society and Government: experience from Cebu City, the Philippines
8.7.6 Relative harmony between Government and civil society: Southern Africa case
8.8 WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE?
9.0 Outlook for the 21st century
9.3 OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
9.3.1 Managing urban water in a time of change
9.3.2 A new paradigm at work: emerging technologies vs. conventional practices
9.3.3 Social, institutional and financial aspects
Frontiers in Urban Water Management
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