Contents

List of contributors

Introduction

Part I: Sludge Production and Characterization

1 Production and regulations

1.1 Production

1.2 Regulations

1.3 References

2 Characterisation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic parameters

2.3 Physical features

2.4 Chemical features

2.5 Biological features

2.6 Discussion

2.7 References

Part II: Options for Biosolids Utilization and Sludge Disposal

3 Agricultural and other land uses

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic principles

3.3 Legislation for agricultural use

3.4 The service

3.5 Sustainable operations

3.6 Setting up biosolids operations

3.7 Uses on non-agricultural land other than gardens

3.8 Horticultural land and gardens

3.9 The future

3.10 Reference texts and further assistance

4 Landfilling

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Present practice

4.3 Regulatory aspects

4.4 Environmental impact aspects

4.5 Design and operation of disposal sites

4.6 Operation and monitoring

4.7 Sludge characteristics and their implications for landfilling

4.8 Future directions

4.9 Conclusions

4.10 References

5 Incineration with energy recovery

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fundamentals of combustion

5.3 Properties affecting performance

5.4 Equipment characteristics

5.5 Auxiliary components

5.6 Operational procedures

5.7 Management of residues

5.8 Co-combustion with solid municipal wastes

5.9 Environmental impact assessment

5.10 Legislation

5.11 References

6 Other thermal processes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Conversion processes

6.3 Deep-shaft wet air oxidation

6.4 Gasification

6.5 References

7 Production of usable materials

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Bricks

7.3 Slag

7.4 Artificial lightweight aggregate (ALWA)

7.5 Pumice

7.6 Portland cement

7.7 Energy costs

7.8 References

8 Other energy and resource recovery

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Energy recovery

8.3 Organic matter

8.4 Nutrients

8.5 Carbon sources

8.6 Coagulants

8.7 Conclusions

8.8 References

9 Storage and transportation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Storage

9.3 Transportation

9.4 Perspectives and other needs

9.5 Conclusion

9.6 References

Part III: Treatment Options

10 Preliminary treatments

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Pre-treatments

10.3 Effects on sludge floc morphology

10.4 Effects on the physical and microbial characteristics of sludge

10.5 Effects on subsequent sludge treatment processes

10.6 References

11 Introduction to stabilization

11.1 Definition of stabilization

11.2 Reference

12 Aerobic digestion

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Principles of ATAD operation

12.3 System characteristics

12.4 Practical considerations in ATAD operation

12.5 References

13 Anaerobic digestion

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Fundamentals and principles

13.3 Design considerations

13.4 Technological modifications

13.5 Operation

13.6 References

14 Chemical stabilization

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Chemicals

14.3 Lime stabilization

14.4 References

15 Composting

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Advantages and disadvantages

15.3 Process description

15.4 Operational variables

15.5 Technologies and strategies

15.6 Odour and bioaerosol control

15.7 Compost quality and end use

15.8 References

16 Conditioning

16.1 Description and principles of operation

16.2 Conditioning chemicals

16.3 Chemical conditioning principles

16.4 Environmental concerns

16.5 Physical conditioning principles

16.6 References

17 Thickening

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Thickener modelling

17.3 Characterization of thickener performance

17.4 Thickener performance

17.5 References

17.6 Chapter glossary

18 Dewatering

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The nature of sludge with regard to dewatering

18.3 Dewatering rates

18.4 Dewatering processes

18.5 The effects of shear

18.6 Characterization of dewatering

18.7 Conclusions

18.8 References

19 Other treatment techniques

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Disinfection

19.3 Thermal drying

19.4 New developments

19.5 References

Glossary

Index