Chapter
3.2.2 Sludge disposal costs in Europe
Chapter 4: Principles of sludge reduction techniques integrated in wastewater treatment plants
4.2 CELL LYSIS AND CRYPTIC GROWTH
4.4 ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM
4.6 BIODEGRADABILITY INCREASE IN INERT SOLIDS
4.7 HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION
Chapter 5: Overview of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in the wastewater handling units
5.1 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES
5.2 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS BY THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA (THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC REACTOR)
5.3 MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION
5.4 ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION
5.6 CHEMICAL AND THERMO-CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS
5.7 OXIDATION WITH OZONE (OZONATION)
5.8 OXIDATION WITH STRONG OXIDANTS (DIFFERENT FROM OZONE)
5.10 ADDITION OF CHEMICAL METABOLIC UNCOUPLERS
5.11 SIDE-STREAM ANAEROBIC REACTOR (AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE)
5.12 EXTENDED AERATION PROCESS
5.13 MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS
Chapter 6: Overview of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in the sludge handling units
6.1 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES
6.2 MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION
6.3 ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION
6.6 CHEMICAL AND THERMO-CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS
6.7 OXIDATION WITH OZONE (OZONATION)
6.8 OXIDATION WITH STRONG OXIDANTS (DIFFERENT FROM OZONE)
6.11 DIGESTION WITH ALTERNATING AEROBIC/ANOXIC/ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
6.13 AUTOTHERMAL THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC DIGESTION
6.15 THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
6.18 SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION
Chapter 7: Procedures for estimating the efficiency of sludge reduction technologies
7.2 COD AND TSS SOLUBILISATION
7.3 DEGREE OF DISINTEGRATION
7.3.1 Degree of disintegration based on COD solubilisation (DDCOD)
7.3.2 Degree of disintegration based on oxygen consumption
7.4 BIODEGRADABILITY EVALUATED BY RESPIROMETRY
7.5 DENITRIFICATION RATE EVALUATED BY NUR TEST
7.6 ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADABILITY EVALUATED BY BIOGAS PRODUCTION
7.7 BACTERIA INACTIVATION
7.8 EFFECT ON SLUDGE RETENTION TIME (SRT)
7.9 MAXIMUM GROWTH YIELD, OBSERVED BIOMASS YIELD, OBSERVED SLUDGE YIELD
7.10 EVALUATION OF SLUDGE REDUCTION
7.12 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SLUDGE
Chapter 8: Biological treatments
8.2 RECENT INSIGHTS ON DEGRADABILITY OF SLUDGE UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
8.2.2 Anaerobic conditions
8.2.3 Disintegration of sludge flocs under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of sulphides
8.3 THE INFLUENCE OF AEROBIC/ANOXIC/ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ON HETEROTROPHIC MAXIMUM GROWTH YIELD
8.3.1 Process of denitrification + nitrification
8.3.2 Digestion with alternating aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic conditions
8.4 SIDE-STREAM ANAEROBIC REACTOR (AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE)
8.4.1 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic process
8.4.2 Cannibal®mark; system
8.5 THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
8.6 THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC REACTOR
The influence of temperature in the thermophilic range
The influence of divalent ions
The influence of aerobic and microaerobic conditions
The influence of contact time
8.6.1 Integration in the wastewater handling units (S-TE PROCESS®mark;)
8.6.2 Integration in the sludge handling units. Dual digestion
8.6.3 Integration in the sludge handling units. Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion
8.7 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES
8.8 ADDITION OF CHEMICAL METABOLIC UNCOUPLERS
Types of metabolic uncouplers
Reduction of observed sludge yield (Yobs)
8.9 PREDATION BY PROTOZOA AND METAZOA
8.9.2 Process configuration and sludge reduction
Two-stage reactor system (chemostat integrated in activate sludge process)
Predation-reactor integrated in the wastewater handling units
Predation-reactor integrated in the sludge handling units
8.9.3 Pros and cons of microbial predation
8.10 EXTENDED AERATION PROCESSES
8.11 MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS (MBR)
8.11.1 MBR + physical, chemical treatments
Chapter 9: Mechanical disintegration
9.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION
9.3 ENERGY LEVELS REQUIRED FOR SLUDGE DISINTEGRATION
9.4 LYSIS-THICKENING CENTRIFUGE
9.6 HIGH PRESSURE HOMOGENISER
9.7 HIGH PRESSURE JET AND COLLISION SYSTEM
9.8 ROTOR-STATOR DISINTEGRATION SYSTEMS
9.9 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Chapter 10: Ultrasonic disintegration
10.2 CONFIGURATIONS AND EQUIPMENT FOR ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION
10.3 EVALUATION OF ENERGY APPLIED IN ULTRASONIC TREATMENT
10.4 THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND FREQUENCY
10.5.1 The influence of sludge concentration
10.6 INFLUENCE ON MICROORGANISMS
10.7 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY AND DEWATERABILITY
10.8 INTEGRATION OF ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS
10.9 INTEGRATION OF ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS
Chapter 11: Thermal treatment
11.2.1 COD solubilisation at moderate temperatures (<100°C)
11.2.2 COD solubilisation at high temperatures (<150°C)
11.3 INCREASE OF BIODEGRADABILITY
11.4 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION
11.5 INFLUENCE ON MICROORGANISMS
11.6 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY AND DEWATERABILITY
11.7 INTEGRATION OF THERMAL TREATMENT IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
11.7.1 Integration of thermal treatment in the wastewater handling units
11.7.2 Integration of thermal treatment in the sludge handling units
Thermal hydrolysis + mesophilic anaerobic digestion
Thermal hydrolysis + thermophilic anaerobic digestion
11.7.3 Full-scale applications
Chapter 12: Chemical and thermo-chemical treatment
12.2 TYPES OF ACIDIC OR ALKALINE REAGENTS
12.3.1 Effect of temperature
12.3.3 Effect of contact time
12.3.4 Comparison of solubilisation levels under different conditions
12.4 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION
12.5 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE DEWATERABILITY
12.6 INTEGRATION OF THERMO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS
12.7 INTEGRATION OF THERMO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS
Thermo-chemical hydrolysis + anaerobic digestion
Thermo-chemical hydrolysis + dewatering of thickened sludge
13.2 PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN OZONATION
13.3 CONFIGURATION OF OZONATION REACTORS
13.3.1 Ozone transfer in sludge
13.4 DEFINITION OF OZONE DOSAGE
13.5 EFFECT OF SOLIDS MINERALISATION
13.6 COD SOLUBILISATION AND TSS DISINTEGRATION
13.7 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION
13.8 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
13.9 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS
13.9.1 Initial studies and ozone dosage calculation
13.9.2 Results on sludge reduction
13.9.3 Influence on WWTP effluent quality
13.9.4 Influence on sludge pH
13.9.5 Influence on sludge flocs and microorganisms
13.9.6 Influence on nitrification
13.9.7 Influence on denitrification
13.9.8 Influence on sludge settleability
13.10 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS
13.10.1 Ozonation + anaerobic digestion
13.10.2 Ozonation + aerobic digestion
13.10.3 Influence on sludge dewaterability
Chapter 14: Comparison of performance of sludge reduction techniques
14.2 COMPARISON OF COD SOLUBILISATION
14.3 COMPARISON OF DEGREE OF DISINTEGRATION
14.4 COMPARISON OF REDUCTION OF SLUDGE PRODUCTION
14.5 COMPARISON OF IMPACTS
14.5.1 Impacts of techniques integrated in the wastewater handling units
14.5.2 Impacts of techniques integrated in the sludge handling units
14.6 COMPARISON OF INSTALLATION/OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants
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