Description
Water auditing is a method of quantifying water flows and quality in simple or complex systems, with a view to reducing water usage and often saving money on otherwise unnecessary water use. There is an increasing awareness around the globe of the centrality of water to our lives. This awareness crosses political and social boundaries. In many places people have difficult access to drinking water. Often it is polluted. Water auditing is a mechanism for conserving water, which will grow in significance in the future as demand for water increases. Water Auditing and Water Conservation is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in environmental engineering and science programs, water auditors and professionals in the water field, especially those motivated by quantitative water conservation needs. There is a strong emphasis on principles, and on the relationship of water auditing with associated activities like environmental auditing, environmental management systems, resource conservation, flow measurement, water quality and legal frameworks. Alongside the theoretical materials we integrate field experience from professionals. Chapters outline the processes and issues at stake in a variety of typical applications (arenas) in which water auditing are conducted. These include buildings (interior and exterior), landscape, external commercial applications requiring irrigation, aquatic centres, material transport by water, cooling systems and non-metal manufacturing (
Chapter
3 The water auditing process: audit preparation and conducting the audit
Appendix 3.1 Unit operations
4 The water auditing process: the water management strategy
4.2 Unpacking concepts - implementing the tools
4.3 The water management strategy
4.4 Construct the water management strategy
6 Water auditing and environmental auditing revisited
6.1 A broader view of water auditing
6.2 Systems and processes
7 Instrumentation and flow measurement
7.2 Flow in Open Channels
7.3 Flow in pipes partially filled with water
7.4 Flow in pipes wholly filled with water
7.6 Direct flow measurement
8.1 Water quantity and water quality
8.2 Water quality parameters
8.4 Beneficial uses of water
8.5 Practical considerations
9 Environmental legislation – impact on water
9.2 Environmental protection
9.3 Case study: Western Australian Environmental Legislation
10 Arena: Commercial water use inside buildings
10.2 Actions for the water auditor
10.3 Options for promoting water conservation
11 Arena: External commercial water use
11.2 Principles of landscape design from the water auditor's viewpoint
11.3 Strategies for reducing water use
11.4 Water resource substitution
12 Resources: Domestic and small commercial wastewater reuse
12.3 System characteristics
12.4 Six options for small scale wastewater reuse
12.5 Proposed systems for each soil type
13 Arena: Municipal and non-aquatic recreational water use
13.2 Classical (sprinkler) turf irrigation water management – a brief outline
13.3 Soil moisture sensors – impact on irrigation management
13.5 Stadiums and buildings in sporting grounds
14 Arena: Aquatic centres
14.3 Typical pool water treatment circuit
14.7 Sundry losses and boiler blowdown
14.9 Environmental Conditions
15 Water Conservation in Isolated Communities
15.3 Approaches to Water Conservation
16 Groundwater balance in mining
16.6 Environmental aspects
17 Process: contaminated water systems
17.2 Sources of contamination
17.3 Strategies for treating wastewater
17.4 Systems available for separating or recovering oil from water
17.5 Selection and design of coalescing plate separators
17.6 Options for treated water
17.7 Summary and conclusions
18 Arena: Material transport
18.1 Water Use in Mass Transfer Applications
18.2 Water use in dust control
19 Arena: Water use in cooling systems
19.2 Cooling System Types
19.4 Cooling water quality and discharge issues
19.5 Boiler water circuit
20 Water in the non-metal, non-food industries – the paper industry
20.7 Effluent Treatment and Treatment for Recycling of Water
21 Arena: The food industry – wastewater auditing
21.2 Water and wastewater audit process précis
21.3 Case study: A bottled beverage works
21.4 Technologies for treatment of wastewater
21.5 Disposing of the Effluent
21.6 Economic Social and Environmental Evaluation
22.1 Stormwater as a resource
22.2 Environmental water use and water resources management
22.3 Desalination of water resources
Appendix 22.1 Environmental Water Use and Water Sensitive Design Checklist
Appendix 22.2 Glossary of terms
23.1 A case study on domestic units
23.2 A case study on the water treatment and steam cycle of a manufacturing plant
Water Auditing and Water Conservation
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