Chapter
1.3.4 Nutrient management
1.4.3 Developing and analyzing integrated urban water and resource management systems
1.5 IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Energy and water: relations and recovery potential
2.1 ENERGY AND WATER – AN INTRINSICALLY BOUND COUPLE
2.1.2.4 Chemically bound energy
2.2 ENERGY AND WATER RECOVERY
2.2.2 Recovery by water reuse
2.2.3 Possibilities of energy recovery from (waste)water
2.2.3.3 Chemically bound energy
2.3 POTENTIAL OF WATER REUSE
2.3.2 Water quality requirements
2.3.4 Energy requirements
Water and energy link in the cities of thefuture – achieving net zero carbon andpollution emissions footprint
3.2.1 Urban metabolism – reclaim, reuse and recycle
3.2.2 Water footprint – direct use of water
3.2.4 Distributed (hybrid) vs. centralized (linear) systems
3.2.5 A double loop hybrid system – source separation
3.2.6 Energy (CO2) balance for a city switching to sustainable water management
3.3 INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY (IRRF)
3.3.1 A concept of a future IRRF
3.4 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
3.4.1 Description of three alternatives
3.4.2 Discussion of the alternatives
Embodied energy in the water cycle
4.2 ENERGY CONTENT OF WASTEWATER
4.3 EMBODIED ENERGY IN THE WATER CYCLE
4.4 WATER QUALITY AND ENERGY INTENSITY
4.5 WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AS PRODUCT
4.6 SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE IN WASTEWATER RECLAMATION
4.7 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF WATER REUSE
4.8 CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GREENHOUSE GASES
4.9 ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF SYSTEMS
4.10 WATER RECYCLING PURPLE PIPE INFRASTRUCTURE
Microbial electrochemical technologies for energy sustainability of the water infrastructure
5.2 THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS
5.3 MICROBIAL FUEL CELL BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY RECOVERY
5.3.1 Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity generation
5.3.2 Microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen or methane gas production
5.3.3 Microbial desalination cells
5.3.4 New MFC-based technologies
5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
Energy Footprint of Wastewater Treatment
Toward energy self-sufficiency of wastewater treatment
6.1.1 Energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants
6.1.2 Energy recovery by anaerobic digestion
6.1.3 The concept of positive energy plant
6.2.1 Major components of energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants
6.2.2 Improvement of aeration system’s efficiency
6.2.2.1 Optimisation of air production
6.2.2.2 Optimisation of air diffusion
6.2.2.3 Optimisation of pollution removal
6.2.2.4 Aeration control strategy
6.2.3 Treatment of high ammonium concentration effluents from anaerobic sludge digestion
6.3 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SEWAGE FLOWS
6.3.2 Heat exchange from sewage flows
6.4.1 Energy from solid fuels derived from sewage sludge
6.4.3 Energy from biogas derived from sewage sludge
6.4.3.1 Biogas production by anaerobic digestion
6.4.3.2 Improvement of biogas production from anaerobic digestion
6.4.3.3 Biogas quality enhancement and end uses
6.4.3.3 Gasification and pyrolysis
6.4.4 Low temperature heat to electricity
6.5 PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
6.6 EXAMPLES OF ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Performance improvement of full scale membrane bioreactors
7.3 OPTIMISATION OF MBR PERFORMANCE
7.4 IMPROVEMENT OF MBR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
7.4.1 A new operating paradigm
7.4.2 Practical application
Energy optimization of large scalemembrane bioreactors – importanceof the design flux
8.2 METHODOLOGY AND STUDY SITES
8.3.1 Hydraulic capacity utilisation
8.3.3 MBR operation regimes to respond to influent flow fluctuations
8.3.4 Comparison of the two filtration regimes on the basis of large scale operational data
Designing a membrane bioreactor to minimize energy use while meeting a low nitrogen limit
9.1.1 Preliminary and primary unit processes
9.1.3 BNR process selection
9.1.4 Process aeration design
9.2 AERATION CONTROL STRATEGY
9.2.1 Process air control strategy
9.2.2 Membrane scour air control strategy
Finding the balance between greenhouse gas emission and energy efficiency of wastewater treatment
10.1.1 Energy production at wastewater treatment plants
10.1.2 Greenhouse gas emission at wastewater treatment plants
10.2 SOURCES OF CH4 AND N2O EMISSIONS
10.3 INITIATIVES TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
10.3.1 Short-term measures to increase energy efficiency
10.3.2 Long-term measures to increase energy efficiency
10.4 GHG EMISSION DUE TO ENERGY SAVING AT WWTPS
10.4.1 Effects of short-term measures on GHG emission
10.4.2 Effects of long-term measures on GHG emission
Energy Footprint of Water Reuse
Semizentral Germany: energy self-sufficient infrastructure systems for livable cities of the future
11.1 CHALLENGES OF THE FUTURE
11.1.1 New infrastructure solutions needed to cope with urban growth
11.1.2 Strategies to cope with the water challenge
11.2 THE SEMIZENTRAL APPROACH
11.2.1 Integrated energy and material flows for improved efficiency
11.2.3 A matter of flexibility: the construction kit
11.2.3.1 Module A: greywater treatment
11.2.3.2 Module B: blackwater treatment
11.2.3.3 Module C: energy center – waste to energy
11.3 THE NEXT LEVEL – NEXUS OF SCALE AND FLEXIBILITY
Groundwater Replenishment System – energy usage implications
12.2 DESIGN OF THE ADVANCED WATER PURIFICATION FACILITY
Comparative study of carbon footprint of water reuse
13.3 DESCRIPTION OF WATER REUSE FACILITIES
13.3.1 El Prat de Llobregat water reclamation plant
13.3.2 Bundamba advanced water recycling plant
13.3.3 Water quality requirements and uses
13.5 COMPARISON OF CARBON FOOTPRINTS
Comparison of processes for greywater treatment for urban water reuse: energy consumption and footprint
14.3 EFFICIENCY OF GREYWATER TREATMENT
14.4 COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY DEMAND OF GREYWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Sustainable approaches to water reuse systems with emphasis on energy requirements
15.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
15.3.1 Meeting water quantity requirements
15.3.2 Meeting water quality requirements
15.4 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
15.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS INCLUDING ENERGY USE
15.5.2 Analysis of water reuse options
Energy Footprint of Alternative Water Resources
Energy use for seawater desalination –current status and future trends
16.2 ENERGY USE FOR DESALINATION
16.2.1 Current status of energy use for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)
16.2.2 Minimum energy demand for SWRO desalination
16.3 DESALINATION ENERGY USE FACTORS AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
16.3.1 Collocation of desalination and power plants – use of warmer source water
16.3.2 Using lower salinity source water to reduce energy consumption
16.3.3 Higher productivity SWRO elements yield lower energy costs
16.3.4 Hybrid membrane configuration reduces energy
16.3.5 Split-flow RO system configuration for improved energy & cost efficiency
16.3.6 Increased high pressure pump efficiency
16.3.7 Improved energy recovery
16.4 FUTURE DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
16.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Water reuse versus seawater desalination –evaluation of the economic and environmental viability
17.2.1 Case study characteristics
17.2.2 Cross-case analysis
17.2.3 Water balancing and water system modelling
17.2.4 Cost estimations for selected technological options
17.3 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT WATER MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS
17.3.1 Cross-case analysis of selected case studies
17.3.2 Water balance and major drivers
17.3.3 Economic viability of water reuse and desalination
17.3.4 Cost estimates for desalination
17.3.5 Influence of the location and the cost of water transport
17.3.6 Cost and energy demand of water reuse
17.3.7 Environmental impact
Desalination vs water reuse: An energyanalysis illustrated by case studies inLos Angeles and London
18.5 ENERGY USE IN TREATMENT
18.6 CASE STUDY: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, USA
18.7 CASE STUDY: BECKTON, EAST END OF LONDON, UK
18.8 ENERGY USE IN TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION
Operational energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from rainwater harvesting systems
19.3 PRESSURE DRIVEN SYSTEMS
19.3.1 Directly and indirectly pumped systems
19.3.1.1 Fixed speed pumps
19.3.1.2 Estimating RWH system energy consumption and CO2 emissions by proxy
19.3.1.3 Variable speed/higher efficiency pumps
19.3.1.4 Integration with renewable energy sources
19.3.1.5 Integrated energy monitoring
19.4 EMERGING GRAVITY SYSTEMS
19.4.1 Internal building systems
19.4.2 External building systems
19.5 IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RWH
19.5.1 Energy saving in sewers from RWH
19.5.2 Energy generation from RWH
LCA as a tool to assess environmental impact and energy efficiency of reverse osmosis desalination
20.2.1 Desalination with reverse osmosis
20.2.2 Application of life cycle assessment
20.3 COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF THE LCA METHODS
Water Footprint of Energy Production
Water for energy, the use of the water footprint for the assessment of water use for bioenergy
21.3 THE WATER FOOTPRINT CONCEPT
21.4 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF BIO-ENERGY
21.4.3 Heat and bio-electricity
21.5 COMPARISON WITH OTHER ENERGY CARRIERS
21.6 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF NEXT - GENERATION BIOFUELS
Water demand for the production of renewable energy from crops
22.2 BIO-ENERGY GENERATION
22.2.1 General considerations
22.2.2 Current state of bio-energy production
22.3.1 Water demand of energy crops
22.3.2 Water demand for the substrate production of biogas plants
Summary and concluding remarks – solving the water-energy nexus for tomorrow
23.2 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS
23.3 LOWERING THE ENERGY AND CARBON FOOTPRINT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
23.4 ENERGY FOOTPRINT OF WATER REUSE
23.5 COMBINING ENERGY-EFFICIENT REUSE WITH ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES
23.6 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF ENERGY PRODUCTION
Water - Energy Interactions in Water Reuse
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