Contents

Preface

The Increasing Importance of Credit Unions in Small Business Lending*

Executive Summary

Credit Unions’ Growing Share of Small Business Loans

Literature Review

Hypotheses, Methods, and Data

A. Hypotheses

B. Methods

C. Data

Results

A. Small Business Loans at Credit Unions: Responses to and Effects on Banks

B. Regions

C. Periods of Economic Strength and Weakness

D. Small Business Loans at Banks

E. Small Banks

Conclusion

References

Appendix A: Regulation and Classification of Credit Unions’ Member Business Loans

Appendix B: Business Loans: Credit Unions and Banks, 1994 and 2010 ($ millions)

End Notes

Analysis of Small Business Innovation in Green Technologies*

I. Introduction and Key Findings

A. Overview

B. Green Technologies

C. Hypotheses Explored

D. Key Findings

Basic Statistics

Differences between Current Database and 2002-2006 U.S. Innovative Firm Database

Green Technology Patenting by Small and Large U.S. Firms and Foreign Organizations

Prolific Inventors from Small Green Firms

II. Overview of the Small Business Patent Database

A. Introduction

B. Summary

C. Method

D. Results

Summary Statistics

Patents per Employee

Patent Scorecard

Number of Patents

Percent Growth

2009 Pipeline Impact

2009 Pipeline Generality

Pipeline Originality

Citation Index

E. Conclusion

III. Changes over Time in the Innovative Firm Database

A. Introduction

B. Summary

C. Discussion

New Entrants and the Fates of Previously Studied Firms

Effects of the 2008 Recession on Small and Large Firms

D. Conclusion

IV. Small Firm Participation in “Green” Technologies

A. Introduction

B. Summary

C. Method

D. Results

Worldwide Firms in Green Technologies

U.S. Organizations Active in Green Technologies

Green Technology Subcategories

E. Conclusion

V. Prolific Inventors from Small Green Firms

A. Introduction

B. Summary

C. Method

D. Results

E. Conclusion

VI. Closing Summary

End Notes

Understanding Small Business Activity at the State Level*

Executive Summary

Introduction

A Review of Related Literature

Testable Hypotheses

Econometric Strategy

Data

Economic Activity Measures

Small Business Activity Measures

Other Control Variables

Econometric Results

Results for Later Years

Results for Earlier Years

Results for Small Business Births and Deaths

Discussion and Policy Implications

Robustness Checks

Conclusion

References

End Notes

Index

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