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Experimental and Genetic Models of Hypertension

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Table of Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

NOMENCLATURE

Chapter 1. Measurement of blood pressurein rats

I. DIRECT RECORDING FROM ARTERIAL CATHETERS INANESTHETIZED RATS

II. DIRECT RECORDING FROM ARTERIAL CATHETERS IN AWAKE RATS

III. INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS IN AWAKE RATS

IV. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 2. Hemodynamics in theconscious rat

I. ARTERIAL PRESSURE

II. PRESSURES IN THE MICROCIRCULATION

III. RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIAL PRESSURE

IV. HEART RATE

V. CARDIAC OUTPUT

VI. DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE

VII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 3. Pressor mechanisms inrenovascular hypertensive rats

I. INDUCTION OF RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION IN RATS; METHODOLOGY

IL PUTATIVE PRESSOR MECHANISMS IN RENO VASCULARHYPERTENSION

III. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 4. Hemodynamics of experimentalrenal hypertension

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

II. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE PRODUCTION OF RENALHYPERTENSION

III. PATHOGENIC FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL RENALHYPERTENSION

IV. HEMODYNAMICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION;ROLE OF INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT AND PERIPHERALRESISTANCE

V. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 5. Antihypertensive function ofthe renal papilla in differentmodels of hypertension

I. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

II. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE RENAL MEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL CELL

III. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECTS OF RENAL MEDULLARYINTERSTITIAL CELLS

IV. UNCLIPPING EXPERIMENTS

V. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE LIPIDS

VI. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 6. ACTH-induced hypertensionin sheep

I. EFFECTS OF ACTH IN SHEEP

II. THE EFFECT OF ACTH ON ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS

III. CHANGES IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AND PLASMAVOLUME WITH ACTH ADMINISTRATION

IV. HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ACTHADMINISTRATION

V. CHANGES IN PRESSOR RESPONSIVENESS DURING ACTHTREATMENT

VI. CHANGES IN THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM DURING ACTHTREATMENT

VII. EFFECT OF ACTH ON RENAL FUNCTION

VIII. ROLE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM STATUS

IX. ROLE OF THE KIDNEY IN ACTH HYPERTENSION

X. ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDIN MECHANISMS IN ACTHHYPERTENSION

XL ACTH-ELICITED SODIUM APPETITE IN SHEEP

XII. OTHER STUDIES IN ACTH HYPERTENSION

XIII. EFFECTS OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ADRENOCORTICALSTEROIDS ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN SHEEP

XIV. THE MECHANISM OF ACTH-INDUCED HYPERTENSION

XV. RELEVANCE OF STUDIES IN THE SHEEP TO HUMANHYPERTENSION

XVI. CONCLUSIONS

XVII. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7. Renal sodium handling andvascular responsiveness inexperimental hypertension withspecial reference to Dahl rats

I. INFLUENCE OF THE KIDNEY

IL THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN SALT-INDUCED HYPERTENSION

III. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KIDNEYS AND SODIUMIN SALT-INDUCED HYPERTENSION

IV. IMPLICATIONS FOR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION IN MAN

V. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 8. Experimental hypertension inthe pig

I. MODELS OF HYPERTENSION IN THE PIG

II. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE PIG?

III. COMING FULL CIRCLE

IV. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 9. Maintenance of hypertensiverats, with special reference to theuse of genetic markers fordefining rat strains

I. RULES FOR THE NOMENCLATURE OF HYPERTENSIVE RAT STRAINS

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF INBRED STRAINS

III. BREEDING INBRED HYPERTENSIVE RAT STRAINS

IV. THE STEM-LINE COLONY

V. SELECTION OF BREEDING STOCK IN THE STEM-LINE COLONY

VI. ARE THE GENES FOR HYPERTENSION FIXED IN A GIVEN STRAIN?

VII. THE MULTIPLICATION COLONY

VIII. THE USE OF GENETIC MARKERS FOR THE QUALITY CONTROLOF HYPERTENSIVE AND NORMOTENSIVE RAT STRAINS

IX. TYPES OF GENETIC MARKER

X. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 10. Genetic hypertension indifferent strains of mice

I. SURVEYS OF INBRED STRAINS

II. HYBRIDS OF INBRED STRAINS

III. GENETIC SELECTION FOR ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE

IV. GENETIC STUDIES

V. PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES

VI. BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES

VII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 11. Hypertension in thegenetically hypertensive strain

I. ORIGIN AND PRESENT STATUS OF STRAIN

II. GENETICS

III. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

IV. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

V. RENAL FACTORS

VI. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM, BODY FLUIDS ANDSODIUM

VII. CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE

VIII. CARDIOVASCULAR AND VASCULAR REACTIVITY

IX. MISCELLANEOUS

X. SUMMARY: THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION IN GH RATS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 12. Development of thespontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR) and of variousspontaneous rat models, and theirimplications

I. HISTORY OF THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT

II. DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS RAT MODELS OF CARDIOVASCULARDISEASE

III. CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF GENETIC HYPERTENSION AND ITSCOMPLICATIONS

IV. THE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINEDHYPERTENSION

V. STUDIES ON PREDICTORS OF HYPERTENSION IN THESPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT

VI. PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF HYPERTENSIVE DISEASES

VII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 13. The stroke-pronespontaneously hypertensive rat:contribution to risk factoranalysis and prevention ofhypertensive diseases

I. DEVELOPMENT OF STROKE-PRONE SPONTANEOUSLYHYPERTENSIVE RATS AND THEIR GENEALOGY

II. PATHOGENESIS OF STROKE AND OTHER HYPERTENSIONRELATEDCOMPLICATIONS

III. SALT-RELATED MECHANISMS OF HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE

IV. DIETARY PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION AND STROKE

V. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 14. Pathophysiological aspects ofgenetically determinedhypertension in rats, with specialemphasis on stroke-pronespontaneously hypertensive rats

I. COMPARISON OF DATA RELEVANT TO THE PATHOGENESIS OFGENETICALLY DETERMINED HYPERTENSION IN RATS

IL THE VOLUME VERSUS THE VASOPRESSOR CONCEPT OF HYPERTENSION

III. VOLUME FACTORS IN STROKE-PRONE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVERATS AND OTHER STRAINS

IV. ASSESSMENT OF HUMORAL VASOCONSTRICTION

V. ASSESSMENT OF NEUROGENIC VASOCONSTRICTION

VI. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RELATING THE DEVELOPMENT OFHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN STROKE-PRONE SPONTANEOUSLYHYPERTENSIVE RATS TO INCREASED SYMPATHETIC VASCULARTONE

VII. POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH HUMAN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

VIII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 15. Characteristics of Dahl saltsusceptibleand salt-resistant rats

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

II. AVAILABILITY OF STRAINS

III. GENERAL STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

IV. KIDNEY

V. UNIDENTIFIED HUMORAL FACTORS

VI. ENDOCRINE GLANDS

VII. NERVOUS SYSTEM

VIII. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

REFERENCES

Chapter 16. The Sabra hypertension-proneand -resistant strains

I. ORIGINS

II. CHARACTERISTICS

III. SODIUM METABOLISM

IV. CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM

V. BARORECEPTOR FUNCTION

VI. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 17. The Lyon strains ofhypertensive, normotensive andlow-blood-pressure rats

I. THE SELECTION PRINCIPLE

II. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYON HYPERTENSIVE, LYONNORMOTENSIVE AND LYON LOW BLOOD PRESSURE RATS

III. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION IN LYONHYPERTENSIVE RATS

IV. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 18. The Milan hypertensive strain

I. HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE

II. EARLY SYNONYMS

III. BREEDING CONDITIONS

IV. BASIC STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

V. GENETICS AND INHERITANCE

VI. AGE-RELATED CHANGES

VII. KIDNEY FUNCTION CHANGES

VIII. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

IX. TRANSPORT MECHANISMS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

X. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 19. Neurogenic hypertension inthe rat

I. CAROTID SINUS IN THE RAT

II. AORTIC DEPRESSOR FIBERS IN THE RAT

III. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION IN THE RAT

IV. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 20. Neurogenic hypertension inthe rabbit

I. BARORECEPTOR DENERVATION HYPERTENSION IN THE RABBIT

II. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION DUE TO ALTERATIONS OF THEVISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE BARORECEPTOR ZONES

III. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NEUROGENICHYPERTENSION

IV. BARORECEPTORS AND THE KIDNEY

V. HYPERTENSION REVERSAL

VI. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 21. The central nervous systemand hypertension: the role ofcatecholamines and neuropeptides

I. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN THE NUCLEUS TRACTUSSOLITARII: INVOLVEMENT OF CATECHOLAMINES ANDENDORPHINS

II. CATECHOLAMINES

III. OPIOID PEPTIDES

IV. THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

V. SUBSTANCE P

VI. BRADYKININ

VII. NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES

VIII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 22. Social interaction, salt, andhypertension in mice (with somecomments on rats)

I. SOCIAL ETHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

II. HUSBANDRY

III. POPULATION CAGES

IV. STANDARD MEASUREMENTS

V. DRUGS AND DIET

VI. SURGICAL PROCEDURES

VII. CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL HYPERTENSION

VIII. EFFECT OF ^-SYMPATHETIC BLOCKADE

IX. EFFECT OF A LOW-SALT DIET

X. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 23. Brain lesions and hypertension

I. EXPERIMENTAL NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BYIMPAIRED TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE NUCLEUS TRACTUSSOLITARII

II. ACUTE FULMINATING HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BY LESIONS OFTHE NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARII IN THE RAT

III. CHRONIC LABILE HYPERTENSION IN THE CAT

IV. CHRONIC SUSTAINED HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BY LESIONSOF THE NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARII IN THE DOG

V. LABILITY OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE PRODUCED BY IMPAIRMENTOF THE ADRENERGIC INNERVATION OF THE NUCLEUS TRACTUSSOLITARII

VI. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION WITH LESIONS OF THE NUCLEUSTRACTUS SOLITARII IN MAN

VII. OTHER BRAINSTEM LESIONS WHICH LEAD TO HYPERTENSION

VIII. GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITÀRII INRELATIONSHIP TO NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARIIHYPERTENSION

IX. IMPLICATIONS

X. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASEDINTRACRANIAL PRESSURE OR DISTORTION OF THE BRAINSTEM

XI. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION WITH CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

XII. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BY MIDBRAIN ANDFOREBRAIN LESIONS

XIII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 24. The central nervous systemand prevention of hypertension

I. RENIN-DEPENDENT HYPERTENSION

II. NON-RENIN DEPENDENT RENAL HYPERTENSION

III. MINERALOCORTICOID-SALT HYPERTENSION

IV. THE DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE MODEL

V. NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION

VI. SPONTANEOUS HYPERTENSION

VII. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 25. Sympathectomy and thedevelopment of hypertension inrats

I. MODELS OF SYMPATHECTOMY

II. SYMPATHECTOMY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTALHYPERTENSION

III. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 26. Experimental hypertensionfollowing kidney transplantationin the rat

I. ANIMAL MODEL

II. DISCUSSION

III. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Index