Chapter
1.2.2 Components of the Total Soil–Water Potential
1.2.3 Water Movement and Governing Forces
1.2.4 Soil Structure and Water Pathways
1.2.6 Soil Aggregate Formation and Structure
1.3 Soil Biological Environment
1.3.1 Soil–Plant Relationship
1.3.2 Soil–Root Interface and Nutrient Cycling
1.3.3 Soil Environment and Microbial Diversity
1.4 Soil Chemical Environment
1.4.1 Soil Nutrient Capacity and Supply
1.4.3 Nutrient Pathways and Mechanisms
2 Climate Variability Effects on Agriculture Land Use and Soil Services
2.2 Climate Variables and Temporal Trends
2.2.3 Extreme Events in Precipitation
2.2.4 Meteorological Variables (Solar Radiation, Wind, Humidity)
2.3 Patterns of Agriculture Land Use
2.3.1 Crop Distribution and Agroclimatology
2.3.1.1 Temperature effects
2.3.1.2 Precipitation effects
2.3.2 Interaction Between Climate Change and Soil Productivity
2.4 Role of Soil Services in Mitigating Effects of Climate Variability
2.5 Implications of Soil Health to Offset Climate Variability
3 Soil Health Concerns Facing Dryland Agroecosystems
3.2 Soil Health in Dryland Agroecosystems
3.2.1 Difficulty of Enhancing Soil Health in Areas with Increasing Temperatures and Decreasing Precipitation
3.2.2 Examples of Summer Fallow Effects on Decline of Soil Organic Carbon
3.2.3 Cropping Systems to Reduce the Length of the Summer Fallow Period
3.2.4 Loss of SOC Significantly Reduces Water Available for Transpiration (T) by Plants in Dryland Areas
3.2.5 Large Decline in Area of Cultivated Summer Fallow in Dryland Areas of the United States
3.3 Can SOC Depleted from Dryland Soils be Restored?
3.3.1 Restoring Organic Carbon Requires Restoring Plant Nutrients
3.3.2 Strategies for Increasing Water Storage in Dryland Areas to Increase Productivity
4 Conservation Agriculture Systems to Mitigate Climate Variability Effects on Soil Health
4.2 Agriculture Conservation Practices in Row Cropping Systems
4.2.1 No-Tillage, Conservation-Tillage, and Soil Biophysical Health
4.2.2 Conservation Systems and Soil Structure Dynamics
4.2.3 Conservation Agriculture Systems and Water Processing
4.3 Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Health
4.3.1 Soil Aggregate Formation Process
4.3.2 Crop Rotation and Soil Biology
4.3.3 Crop Rotation and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks
4.3.4 Soil Water and Nutrient Movement
4.4 Conservation Systems and Soil Environment Dynamics
4.4.1 Soil Organic Matter Mineralization
4.4.2 Soil Environment and Root Growth
4.4.3 Soil Environment and Nutrient Availability
5 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems and Soil Functions
5.2 Conventional Agricultural Crop Production Systems
5.2.1 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems’ Impact on Soil Chemistry
5.2.2 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems’ Impact on Soil Chemistry and Biology, and Organic Matter Interactions
5.2.3 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems’ Impact on Soil Physical Properties
5.5 Conventional Systems and Soil Erosion
6 Integration of Annual and Perennial Cover Crops for Improving Soil Health
6.2.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties
6.2.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties
6.2.1.3 Benefits to soil biological properties
6.2.2.1 Benefits to soil physical properties
6.2.2.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties
6.2.2.3 Benefits to soil biological properties
6.2.3.1 Benefits to soil physical properties
6.2.3.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties
6.2.3.3 Benefits to soil biological properties
6.3 Perennial Cover Crops
6.3.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties
6.3.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties
6.3.1.3 Benefits to soil biological properties
6.3.2.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties
6.3.2.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties
6.3.2.1.3 Additional ecosystem services
7 Perennial-Based Agricultural Systems and Livestock Impact on Soil and Ecological Services
7.2.1 Livestock Integration in Agriculture
7.2.2 Changes in the Role of Livestock and Perennial Systems
7.3 The Impact of Livestock on Soil Properties Within a Perennial-Based System
7.3.1 Physical Properties
7.3.4 Phosphorus Concentration
7.3.5 Soil Microbial Biomass
7.4 Perennial-Based Agricultural Systems and Livestock Impact on Soil and Ecological Services
7.4.1 Review of Ecosystem Goods and Services
7.4.2 Positive Impacts on Ecosystem Services
7.5.1 Multienterprise (Multifunctional) Management
7.5.2 Management Intensity Versus Input Intensity
7.6.1 Evaluating Multiple Ecosystem Functions Simultaneously
7.6.2 Research Networks to Scale Up (e.g., Long-Term Agroecosystems Research)
8 Intensified Agroecosystems and Their Effects on Soil Biodiversity and Soil Functions
8.2 Ecosystem Services Defined
8.3 Intensification of Row Crop Systems
8.3.1 Tillage Effects on Vertical Distributions of Soil Organic Carbon and Microorganisms
8.3.2 Tillage Effects on Soil Organisms, Soil Structure, and Aggregation
8.3.3 Soil Moisture Control and Soil Microorganisms
8.3.4 Fertilization and Soil Microorganisms
8.3.5 Pesticides and Soil Organisms
8.4 The Path Forward with Ecological Intensification
9 Intensified Agroecosystems and Changes in Soil Carbon Dynamics
9.2 Examples of Sustainable Intensification
9.3 Crop Rotations in Row Crops
9.4 Crop Rotation Diversification and Cover Crop Impacts on Soil Carbon Dynamics
9.4.1 Soil Organic Carbon
9.4.2 Soil Surface Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
9.4.3 Management Practices Effects on Nutrients Cycling
9.5 Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems
9.5.1 Integrated Systems Effects on SOC and Nutrient Cycling
9.5.2 Integrated Systems Effects on Root Growth
10 Agroecosystem Net Primary Productivity and Carbon Footprint
10.2 Estimating Net Primary Productivity in Agroecosystems
10.3 Management Practices Effects on Net Primary Productivity
10.4 Effect of Climate Factors on Cropping Systems’ Net Primary Productivity
10.5 Cropping Systems’ Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
10.6 Linking Net Primary Productivity with Soil Carbon
10.6.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Health
11 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Biology in Row Crop Systems under Intensive Tillage
11.2 Soil Characteristics of Intensive Tillage Systems
11.2.1 Physical Properties
11.2.2 Chemical Properties
11.2.3 Modification of Habitat for Soil Organisms
11.3 Residue Decomposition
11.4 Soil Carbon Under Intensive Tillage
11.5.4 Microbial Communities
12 Row-Crop Production Practices Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
12.2.1 Mitigation Potential for N Conservation Practices
12.2.2 Mitigation Potential from Fertilizer Formulated for Enhanced Efficiency
12.2.3 Dryland and Irrigation in Cropping Systems
12.3 Conservation Management and Soil Health Implications
12.3.1 Mitigation Potential of Conservation Tillage
12.3.2 Mitigation Potential of Biomass Management
12.4 Global Warming Potential and Sustainable Intensification
13 Low-Input and Intensified Crop Production Systems Effects on Soil Health and Environment
13.2 Research Case Studies Addressing Impact of Low-Input Systems on Soil Health and Crop Yields
13.2.1 The Broadbalk Trial, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
13.2.2 The “DOK” Trial, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fi ...
13.2.3 Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems, SAFS, Russell Ranch, UC Davis, CA, United States
13.3 Farm Case Studies Evaluating the Implementation of Adaptive, Low-Input Production Practices
13.3.1 Seven Pines Farm, Wadena County, Minnesota, United States
13.3.2 Brown’s Ranch, Burleigh County, North Dakota, United States
13.3.3 Campesino-a-Campesino Agriculture, Republic of Cuba
13.4 Potential for Sustainable Intensification of Production
14 Agroforestry Practices and Soil Ecosystem Services
14.4 Carbon Sequestration
14.5 Nutrient Cycling, Sequestration, and Enrichment
14.6 Soil Biological Services
15 Targeted Use of Perennial Grass Biomass Crops in and Around Annual Crop Production Fields to Improve Soil Health
15.2 Perennial Grass Biomass Crops to Improve Soil Health
15.2.1 Soil Building and Conservation
15.2.2 Soil Nutrient and Water Retention
15.2.3 Beneficial Soil Biology
15.3 Incentivizing Adoption of Perennial Grasses
15.4 Integrating Perennial Grass Biomass Crops Into Landscapes
15.4.1 Planting Perennial Grasses at Field Edges to Improve Soil Health
15.4.2 Planting Perennial Grasses Within Fields to Improve Soil Health
15.4.3 Locating “Hotspots” on the Landscape for Perennial Grass Production
16 Biotechnology Impacts on Soil and Environmental Services
16.2 Biotechnology: Agricultural and Environmental Context
16.3 Soil Health and Biotechnology
16.3.1 Soil Health and Biological Amendments
16.3.2 Soil Health and Genetically Modified Crops
16.4 Environmental Services and Biotechnology
16.4.1 Environmental Services and Biological Amendments
16.4.2 Environmental Services and Genetically Modified Cropping Systems
16.5 Management Practices for Soil Health and Ecosystem Services
16.5.1 Biotechnology for Restoration of Soil and Environmental Health
16.5.2 Genetically Modified Cropping Systems
Soil Health and Intensification of Agroecosystems
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
