Front Cover

Advances in Parasitology

SERIES EDITOR

Advances in Parasitology

Contents

CONTRIBUTORS

One - Chagas Disease Diagnostic Applications: Present Knowledge and Future Steps

1. INTRODUCTION

2. TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, AN ‘ALL-WHEEL DRIVE’ PARASITE

2.1 Epidemiological features

2.2 Genetic and phenotypic variability

3. DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS FOR CHAGAS DISEASE: PRESENT KNOWLEDGE

3.1 Parasitological and clinical methods

3.2 Serological methods

3.3 Molecular methods

4. DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS FOR CHAGAS DISEASE: PENDING ISSUES

4.1 Early diagnosis of congenital transmission

4.2 Rapid assessment of therapy efficacy

4.3 Indication/prediction of Chagas disease progression

4.4 Typing of parasite strains

4.5 Point-of-care diagnosis

5. DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS FOR CHAGAS DISEASE: THE ROAD AHEAD

6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Two - Host–Parasite Relationships and Life Histories of Trypanosomes in Australia

1. PARASITE DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS

1.1 The importance of parasites in the community

1.2 The importance of trypanosomes

1.2.1 Causative agents of American trypanosomiasis

1.2.2 Causative agents of African trypanosomiasis

1.2.3 Causative agents of animal trypanosomiasis

1.3 Trypanosomes in Australia

2. THE HISTORY OF TRYPANOSOMES IN AUSTRALIA

2.1 Australian trypanosomes found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and fish

2.1.1 Reptile trypanosomes

2.1.2 Bird trypanosomes

2.1.3 Amphibian trypanosomes

2.1.4 Fish trypanosomes

2.2 Australian trypanosomes found in mammals

2.2.1 Trypanosoma sp. H25

2.2.2 Trypanosoma copemani

2.2.3 Trypanosoma vegrandis

2.2.4 Trypanosoma irwini

2.2.5 Trypanosoma gilletti

2.2.6 Trypanosoma binneyi

2.2.7 Trypanosoma sp. ABF

2.2.8 Trypanosoma thylacis

2.2.9 Trypanosomes in bats

3. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF AUSTRALIAN TRYPANOSOMES

3.1 The southern supercontinent theory

3.2 Host-fitting and shared environments

3.3 The bat-seeding hypothesis

3.4 The trouble with bird trypanosomes

4. TRYPANOSOME HOST–PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN AUSTRALIA

4.1 Implication of disease in Australia From trypanosomes

4.1.1 Trypanosoma cruzi and experimental infection of Australian marsupials

4.1.2 Trypanosoma lewisi and the rats of Christmas Island

4.1.3 Poor health in koalas and quokkas and the potential zoonotic significance

4.1.4 Trypanosoma copemani and the woylie of Southwest Australia

4.2 A brief history of intracellular behaviour in trypanosomes

4.2.1 The processes involved in Trypanosoma cruzi cell invasion

4.2.2 Intracellular trypanosomes from America

4.2.3 Intracellular trypanosomes outside America

4.2.4 Intracellular trypanosomes in Australia

5. FUTURE RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Three - The Compatibility Between Biomphalaria glabrata Snails and Schistosoma mansoni: An Increasingly Complex Puzzle

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE GENETIC DETERMINISM OF THE COMPATIBILITY/INCOMPATIBILITY OF BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA AND SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

3. CROSSES AND GENETIC APPROACHES FOR IDENTIFYING COMPATIBILITY/INCOMPATIBILITY-LINKED LOCI

4. USE OF MOLECULAR COMPARATIVE APPROACHES ON COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE STRAINS OF BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA TO IDENTIFY CANDIDA ...

5. USE OF MOLECULAR COMPARATIVE APPROACHES ON STRAINS OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI AND THE DISCOVERY OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI POLYMORP ...

6. OTHER PUTATIVE EFFECTOR AND/OR ANTIEFFECTOR SYSTEMS COULD PLAY ROLES IN COMPATIBILITY

7. THE COMPATIBILITY POLYMORPHISM CAN BE EXPLAINED BY A COMBINATION OF MATCHING PHENOTYPE STATUS AND VIRULENCE/RESISTANCE PROC ...

8. A SNAIL'S HISTORY OF INTERACTION WITH A SCHISTOSOME CAN INFLUENCE A SUBSEQUENT INFECTION

9. EPIGENETICS APPEAR TO MAKE THE SYSTEM EVEN MORE COMPLEX

9.1 Snail Epigenetics: The Stress Pathway and Plasticity in Susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata to Infection With Schistoso ...

9.2 Schistosome Epigenetics

10. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Four - Targeting the Parasite to Suppress Malaria Transmission

1. BACKGROUND

2. THE PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

3. IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS CONTROL EFFORTS

3.1 Targeting parasite biology

4. TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS

5. TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING ANTIPARASITIC VACCINES

5.1 Targeting the parasite indirectly through the mosquito

6. GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOES

7. PARATRANSGENIC DELIVERY SYSTEMS

8. HOW DO WE ANALYSE THE IMPACT OF TRANSMISSION BLOCKING INTERVENTIONS?

8.1 Setting priorities in a programme for transmission reduction

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Five - The Role of Spatial Statistics in the Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan ...

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OVERVIEW OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

2.1 Human African trypanosomiasis

2.1.1 Geographical influences of transmission

2.1.2 Control and elimination strategy

2.2 Schistosomiasis

2.2.1 Geographical influences of transmission

2.2.2 Control and elimination strategy

2.3 Lymphatic filariasis

2.3.1 Geographical influences of transmission

2.3.2 Control and elimination strategy

3. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR DISEASE RISK MAPPING

3.1 Assessing for evidence of spatial dependency

3.1.1 Moran's I

3.1.2 The variogram

3.2 Mapping spatial variability

3.2.1 Spatial interpolation methods

3.2.2 Spatial regression

3.2.3 Common spatially implicit methods

4. COMMON ISSUES IN SPATIAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Spatial scale

4.2 Spatial bias

4.2.1 Sources of spatial bias

4.2.2 Spatial sampling design

4.3 Combining different resources

5. SOURCES OF SPATIALLY REFERENCED DATA

5.1 Disease transmission data

5.1.1 Global disease databases

5.1.2 Vector/intermediate-host databases

5.1.3 Spatial data collection

5.2 Population movement data

5.3 Geographical disease risk factor data

5.3.1 Natural geographical features

5.3.2 Man-made geographical features

6. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Six - Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protoz ...

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE MODEL OF PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION AND ITS LAST DEVELOPMENTS

2.1 Strong (statistically significant) linkage disequilibrium

2.2 Strong phylogenetic signal evidencing the occurrence of stable, discrete genetic subdivisions (‘near-clades’)

2.3 Repeated multilocus genotypes that are overrepresented under panmictic expectations

2.4 Propagation of stable multilocus genotypes over vast spans of time and space

2.5 The ‘Russian doll’ model (Tibayrenc and Ayala, 2013)

2.6 The ‘starving sex’ model

2.7 Biases towards recombination or clonality

3. EVIDENCE FOR PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION FEATURES IN VARIOUS KINDS OF MICROPATHOGENS

3.1 Parasitic protozoa

3.2 Fungi and yeasts

3.3 Bacteria

3.4 Viruses

4. THE ‘STARVING SEX’ HYPOTHESIS

5. A DEBATE IN THE DEBATE: UNISEX/SELFING/INBREEDING VERSUS ‘STRICT’ CLONALITY

6. HOW CAN CLONES SURVIVE WITHOUT RECOMBINATION?

7. MEIOSIS GENES AND EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION: WHAT DO THEY TELL US ABOUT PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION?

8. IS PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION AN ANCESTRAL OR CONVERGENT CHARACTER?

9. CAN PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION FEATURES BE EXPLAINED BY NATURAL SELECTION? IN-BUILT MECHANISMS FAVOURING CLONALITY

10. IDENTICAL MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES ARE A RELATIVE NOTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SEMICLONAL/EPIDEMIC CLONALITY MODEL

11. GENOMICS AND THE PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION MODEL

12. RELEVANCE OF THE PREDOMINANT CLONAL EVOLUTION MODEL FOR TAXONOMY AND APPLIED RESEARCH

13. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

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