Chapter
1.1 Importance of Ionic Liquids
1.2 Alternatives to Traditional Catalysis and Separation
1.2.1 Ionic Liquids in Catalysis
1.2.2 Ionic Liquids in Separation
1.3 Developments and Trend of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Engineering
1.3.1 Current Focus and Development of the Application of Ionic Liquids
1.3.2 Challenge and Trend of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Engineering
1.3.2.1 Ionic liquids in metallic nanoparticle catalysis
1.3.2.2 Ionic liquids in biomass transfer
2 Preparation and Characterization of Ionic Liquids
2.2 Preparation of Ionic Liquids
2.2.1 Protic Ionic Liquids
2.2.2 Aprotic Conventional Ionic Liquids
2.2.3 Functionalized Ionic Liquids
2.2.4 Chiral Ionic Liquids
2.2.5 Polymerized Ionic Liquids
2.2.6 Metal Based Ionic Liquids
2.2.7 Energetic Ionic Liquids
2.2.8 Nonconventional Preparation
2.3 Purification of Ionic Liquids
2.3.1 Unreacted Organic Starting Materials and Solvents
2.4 Characterization of Ionic Liquids
2.4.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
2.4.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
2.5 Largescale Production of Ionic Liquids
2.6 Summary and Prospects
3 Properties of Ionic Liquids
3.2 Micro-structure and Interaction
3.2.1 Interaction and Hydrogen Bond of Ionic Liquids
3.2.1.1 Application of ILs
3.2.1.2 The structures of ILs
3.2.1.3 The electronic structure of imidazolium cation
3.2.1.3.1 Charge distribution
3.2.1.3.2 Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis
3.2.1.3.3 Electron density
3.2.1.4 Structure and interaction of paired cation and anion (ion pair)
3.2.1.4.1 The structures of the typical ion pairs
3.2.1.4.2 The interaction energy (ΔE)
3.2.1.4.3 Interaction from experimental determination
3.2.1.5 The hydrogen bond (H-bond) between paired cation and anion
3.2.1.5.1 Halide-based ILs with an atomic anion
3.2.1.5.2 Fluoro-anion–based ILs
3.2.2 Anisotropic Structure and Aggregation in Ionic Liquids
3.2.2.1 Definition of IL cluster
3.2.2.2 IL cluster in solutions
3.2.2.3 IL cluster in neat systems
3.2.2.4 Ionic cluster at interface
3.2.2.5 IL in confined space
3.2.3 Interaction of Ionic Liquids and CO2
3.2.3.1 Conventional ILs–CO2
3.2.3.1.1 Effect of anions
3.2.3.1.2 Effect of cations
3.2.3.1.3 Effect of interaction of cations–anions
3.2.3.2 Task-specific ILs–CO2
3.2.4 Dissolution of Cellulose in ILs
3.3.3.1 Vapor–liquid equilibrium
3.3.3.2 Liquid–liquid equilibrium
3.3.3.3 Solid–liquid equilibrium
3.4 Summary and Prospects
4 Catalytic Reaction in Ionic Liquids
4.2 Oxidation Reactions in Ionic Liquids
4.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Oxidation Reactions
4.2.1.1 Aerobic oxidation using ionic liquids as solvents
4.2.1.2 Oxidations using chemical oxidants using ionic liquids as solvents
4.2.1.3 Electro-oxidations using ionic liquids as solvents
4.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Oxidation Reactions
4.2.2.1 Homogeneous ionic liquids as catalysts for oxidation reactions
4.2.2.2 Supported ionic liquids as catalysts for oxidation reactions
4.3 Hydrogenation Reaction
4.3.1 Heterogeneous Hydrogenation Reactions
4.3.2 Homogeneous Hydrogenation Reactions
4.4.1 Homogeneous Hydroformylation
4.4.1.1 Hydroformylation of lower olefins
4.4.1.2 Hydroformylation of higher olefins and other substrates
4.4.2 Supported Ionic Liquid-Phase (SILP) Catalysts for Heterogeneous Hydroformylation
4.4.3 CO2 as the Substitute for CO in Hydroformylation
4.5 Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 and Epoxides
4.5.1 Metallic Catalysis Process
4.5.1.1 Metallic complex/ionic liquid
4.5.1.2 Metallic-based material/ionic liquid
4.5.2 Nonmetallic Catalysis Process
4.5.2.1 Hydrogen bond donor/ionic liquids
4.5.2.2 Task-specific ionic liquids
4.5.2.3 Supported ionic liquid
4.5.2.3.1 Using of alkylating agent
4.5.2.3.2 Functional polymer
4.5.2.3.3 Polymerization of IL
4.6 Esterification Reaction
4.6.1 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts/Solvents for Esterification
4.6.1.1 Acidic ionic liquids as catalysts/solvents for esterification
4.6.1.2 Basic ionic liquids as catalysts/solvents for esterification
4.6.1.3 Ionic liquids as solvents for lipase-catalyzed esterification
4.6.2 Supported Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Esterification
4.6.3 Ionic Liquid Polymer as Catalysts for Esterification
4.7.1 Liquid-Phase Systems
4.7.2 Heterogeneous Systems with Supported Catalysts
4.7.3 Industrial Alkylation Processes
4.7.3.1 Alkylation of olefins with isobutane
4.7.3.2 Ethylbenzene production
4.7.3.3 Linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) production
4.7.3.4 Acylation of aromatic hydrocarbons
4.7.4 Main Process Challenges and Issues
4.7.4.1 IL stability, lifetime and recyclability
4.7.4.2 Safety and environmental issues
4.8 Summary and Prospects
5 Separation Science and Technology
5.2 Extractive Distillation
5.3 Aqueous Azeotropic Systems
6.2 Dissolution and Fractionation of Biomass
6.3 Interaction of Ionic Liquids and Cellulose
6.3.1 Interaction of Cellulose and Anions
6.3.2 Interaction of Cellulose and Cations
6.3.3 Dissolution Mechanism of Cellulose with Interactions From Anions and Cations
6.3.4 Interaction Study by Simulation and Theoretical Study
6.4 Enzymatic Catalysis in Ionic Liquids
7 Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
7.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
7.3 Electrochemical Capacitors
8 Ionic Liquid Gating of Thin Films
8.1.1 Conventional Field-Effect Transistor
8.2 Electric Field-Induced Gating with Ionic Liquids
8.4 Gating of Semi-conducting and Insulating Systems
8.5 Gating of Superconductors with Ionic Liquids
8.5.1 Overview of Superconductivity
8.5.2 Gating of Superconductors
Novel Catalytic and Separation Processes Based on Ionic Liquids
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