Front Cover

Thyroid Cancer and Nuclear Accidents

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Thirty Years After Chernobyl and 5 After Fukushima—What Have We Learnt and What Do We Still Need to Know?

Introduction

The Relationship Between Dose and Response

Dose and Health Risks Associated With Radiation Exposure

What Have We Learnt From Chernobyl?

What Should We Learn From Fukushima?

Acknowledgments

References

I. Overview: Keynote Lectures

1 Thirty Years After Chernobyl—Overview of the Risks of Thyroid Cancer, Based Upon the UNSCEAR Scientific Reports (2008–2012)

Introduction

Dose and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Evidence on Thyroid Exposure and Cancer Risk After the Chernobyl Accident

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Further Reading

2 Thirty Years After the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Contribution From Japan—“Confirming the Increase of Childh...

The Initial Circumstances of the Chernobyl NPP Accident

The Era of Analyzing Authenticity and Cause of Increased Childhood Thyroid Cancer Around Chernobyl

Oral Presentations

Publications

Clinical Examination of Childhood Thyroid Cancer Patients

International Debates Surrounding Thyroid Cancer

International Conference Confirms Increase of Thyroid Cancer

The IAEA, WHO, and EC Joint Session where an Increase in Thyroid Cancer and its Cause was Confirmed: “One Decade After Cher...

Thyroid Cancer in Children Born After the Accident in Belarus

International Conferences on the 20th Anniversary

Results of the Study on Dose–Response Relationship of Thyroid Cancer

Treatment Results in Thyroid Cancer Patients

The Fukushima Health Management Survey With Regard to Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations

Summary

References

3 From Chernobyl to Fukushima and Beyond—A Focus on Thyroid Cancer

Introduction

Fukushima is Not Chernobyl

Much is Known about Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer

Radiation Dose to the Public From the Fukushima Reactor Accident is Tiny

Surveys Are Not Scientific Studies

Mental Health Problems Are an Immediate Effect From the Fukushima Accident

Excess Thyroid Cancers From Screening Are an Artifact and Not Radiation-Related

Conclusions

References

4 Reassessing the Capability to Attribute Pediatric Thyroid Cancer to Radiation Exposure: The FHMS Experience

Introduction

The Fukushima Thyroid Question

UNSCEAR Judgment on Attributability

Specific Difficulties for Attributing Pediatric Cancers to Radiation

Radiosensitivity

Spontaneous Incidence

Questioning the Predictions on Attribution

The Consequences of Erroneous Attribution

Conclusion: New Lights on Attribution From the FHMS Findings

References

Further Reading

II. Chernobyl + 30

5 Post-Chernobyl Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Belarus: Histopathological Features, Treatment Strategy, and Long...

Post-Chernobyl Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Epidemiology

Initial Treatment

Clinical and Morphological Features

Genetic Data

Follow-Up

Recent Data

Conclusion

References

6 Clinical Aspects of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer and Follow-Up of Patients in Belarus Following the Chernobyl Accident

Method

Patients

Results

Discussion

References

7 Long-Term Analysis of the Incidence and Histopathology of Thyroid Cancer in Ukraine in Adult Patients Who Were Children a...

Methods

Subjects and Sources of Data

Histopathological Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

8 Thyroid Cancer Risk in Ukraine Following the Chernobyl Accident (The Ukrainian–American Cohort Thyroid Study)

Introduction

The Cohort

Screening Procedures

Dosimetry

Findings and Discussion

References

9 Results of the Thyroid Cancer Epidemiological Survey in Russia Following the Chernobyl Accident

Introduction

Assessment of the Risk of Thyroid Cancer and the Effects of Screening in the Cohort Drawn From the Russian Population Expos...

Registration of Thyroid Cancer in Children Exposed to Radiation Due to the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident

Conclusions

References

10 Influence of Radiation Exposure and Ultrasound Screening on the Clinical Behavior of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Youn...

Patients

Study Design

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

References

11 Results of Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Not Exposed and Exposed to Radiat...

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Historic Controls

Patients Exposed to Chernobyl radiation

Results

Historic Controls

Patients Exposed to Chernobyl Radiation

Discussion

Historic Controls

Patients Exposed to Chernobyl Radiation

Interpretation

References

Further Reading

12 Somatic Genomics of Childhood Thyroid Cancer

Somatic Genomics of Young-Onset Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Studies on MAP Kinase Pathway Activation

DNA Copy Number Alterations

Gene Expression

Summary

References

Further Reading

III. Fukushima + 5

13 A Review of Studies on Thyroid Dose Estimation After the Fukushima Accident

Introduction

Estimation by International Organizations

Estimation Reported by Japanese Research Groups

External Dose to Thyroid

Internal Dose to Thyroid Estimated by Human Measurement

Internal Dose to Thyroid by Simulation

Total Thyroid Dose and its Comparison With Estimation by Other Studies

Summary

References

14 Five-Year Interim Report of Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations in the Fukushima Health Management Survey

Background

Interim Report of First- and Second-Round Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations

Dose Estimation and Thyroid Cancer Detection in the Early Phase After the Accident

Cancer Driver Gene Mutation Profile

Thyroid Cancer Screening and Potential Overdiagnosis

Summary

References

15 The Features of Childhood and Adolescent Thyroid Cancer After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Introduction

Results

TUE (Table 15.1)

Surgical Treatment

Preparation for Surgery After Confirmatory Examination of TUE

Clinical Characteristics of the 125 Thyroid Cancers Operated on in Fukushima Medical University Hospital

Preoperative Staging

Operation Criteria of Small Tumors Without Invasion or Metastasis (cT1acN0cM0)

Postoperative (Pathological) TNM Findings

Surgical Procedure Used

Complications of Surgery

Histopathological Diagnosis

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

16 Psychosocial Impact of the Thyroid Examination of the Fukushima Health Management Survey

Thyroid Cancer Screening Following the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Potential Benefits and Harms of Thyroid Cancer Screening

Issues of Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations in the Fukushima Health Management Survey

Addressing Psychosocial Issues Arising From Thyroid Examinations in Fukushima

Challenges for Making Thyroid Examinations Acceptable to Residents, and Future Perspectives

References

17 Thyroid Cancer Screening and Overdiagnosis in Korea

Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer

Evidence for the Increased Incidence of Thyroid Cancer Being a Result of Increased Detection

Tumor Size and Histological Characteristics

Adoption of Medical Technology

Improved Access to Healthcare Services

Autopsy Studies

Nomenclature

Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Overdiagnosis in Korea

Thyroid Cancer Screening Program in Korea

Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Screening

Thyroid Cancer in Areas Near Nuclear Power Plants

Conclusion

References

18 Management of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Japan

Traditional Management of Patients with PTC in Japan

Risk-Adapted Management of PTC Based on Risk-Group Classification System

Management of Papillary Microcarcinoma

Management Policy of Low-Risk PTC in Japan

Acknowledgment

References

IV. International Report

19 UNSCEAR Activities Related to the 2011 Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident

Background to UNSCEAR

UNSCEAR 2013 Report on the Levels and Effects of Exposure After the Accident

Follow-Up to the 2013 Report

2015 White Paper

2016 White Paper

Relevance of Outreach Activities

Fukushima Compared With Chernobyl

Conclusion

References

Further Reading

20 The Radiological Consequences of the Fukushima Dai’ichi NPP Accident: Estimates From the Group of Experts Convened by th...

Introduction

The IAEA Report

Estimates of the Radiological Consequences

Radioactivity in the Environment

Protection of People Against Radiation Exposure

The Radiation Exposure Incurred by People

The Health Effects Attributable to the Accidental Exposure

The Radiological Consequences for Nonhuman Biota

Conclusion

References

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