Chapter
1 - Smart Agriculture: Scope, Relevance, and Important Milestones to Date
1.2 SCOPING CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
1.2.1 Southern Africa Biophysical Characteristics
1.2.2 Socioeconomic and Political Environment
1.2.3 Recent Extreme Events Recorded in Southern Africa
1.2.4 Supportive Initiatives in Agriculture Development in the Last 10Years
1.3 BUILDING IN SUSTAINABILITY WITHIN CLIMATE SMART TECHNOLOGIES
1.4 RELEVANCE OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
1.5 THE ECONOMICS OF APPLYING SMART TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE
1.6 INVESTING INTO TARGETED TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE FUTURE
2 - Climate Scenarios in Relation to Agricultural Patterns of Major Crops in Southern Africa
2.2 SOUTHERN AFRICA IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HISTORICAL CHANGES
2.3 CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
2.3.1 Long-Term Observations
2.4 FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS OVER SOUTHERN AFRICA
2.5 DETERMINING FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS
2.6 PROJECTED CHANGES IN EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS OVER SOUTHERN AFRICA
2.7 IMPACTS OF FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY
2.7.2 Livestock Production
3 - Advancing Key Technical Interventions Through Targeted Investment
3.2 CLIMATE CHANGE, INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT, AND CROP PRODUCTION
3.3 ENHANCING RESOURCE UTILIZATION TO EXPLOIT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OPPORTUNITIES
3.3.1 Nutrient Stocks and Imbalances
3.3.2 Targeting Multiple Nutrient Sources
3.3.3 Manure: a Source of Emissions and Crop Nutrients
3.3.4 Nutrient Recycling Using Crop Residues
3.3.5 Nitrogen Fixation on Smallholder Farms
3.3.6 Multipurpose Legumes for Food and Soil Fertility
3.3.7 Opportunities for Green Manures Use
3.3.8 Agroforestry Systems Enhance Soil Fertility
3.3.9 Managed Weedy Fallows and Soil Rehabilitation
3.3.10 Azolla Contribute to Soil Fertility
3.3.11 Fertilizer Use on Small Farms
3.3.12 Solving Multiple Nutrient Deficiencies on Smallholder Farms
3.3.13 Soil Organic Matter Management for Reduced Emissions
3.3.14 Opportunities for Phosphate Rock Utilization
3.3.15 Application of Lime for pH Amelioration
3.4 THE ECONOMICS OF MAINTAINING THE DRIVERS OF ISFM’S LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS
3.4.1 Are Nutrient Management Practices Profitable?
4 - Exploring Climatic Resilience Through Genetic Improvement for Food and Income Crops
4.2 PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING GENETIC MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
4.2.2 Cassava Climate Change and Variability
4.3 MODERN BREEDING TECHNIQUES FOR MAJOR CROPS IN AFRICA: MAIZE, SOYBEAN, AND CASSAVA
4.4 BREEDING FOR TARGET ENVIRONMENTS AND EXTREMES OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE
4.5 FARMER INVOLVEMENT IN CLIMATE SMART TRAITS EVALUATION
4.6 MAKING BREEDING PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ON CLIMATE AFFECTED FARMS
4.6.1 Regulatory Framework on Seed Release
5 - Enhancing Gains From Beneficial Rhizomicrobial Symbiotic Communities in Smallholder Cropping Systems
5.2 DEFINING BENEFICIAL SYMBIONTS FOR NITROGEN FIXATION, CROP ENHANCEMENT, AND CROP PROTECTION
5.2.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
5.2.2 Root–Fungus Associations
5.2.2.1 Fungal Infections
5.2.2.2 Commercial Products of Mycorrhizal Fungi
5.2.3 Nonaflatoxigenic Plant Associations
5.2.3.1 Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi
5.2.3.2 History of Aflatoxin Research
5.2.3.3 Chemical Composition of Aflatoxins
5.2.3.4 Drivers of Aflatoxin Contamination in Southern Africa
5.2.3.5 Exposure to Aflatoxins
5.2.3.6 Examples of Aflatoxin Poisoning
5.2.3.7 Breakthroughs in Aflatoxin Research: Development, Validation, and Application of Aflatoxin Biomarkers
5.2.3.8 Current Interventions
5.2.3.9 Criteria for the Selection of a Biological Control Agent
5.2.3.10 Efficacy of Biocontrol Strains
5.2.3.11 Mechanism of Control
5.2.3.12 Use Under African Conditions
5.2.3.13 Effect of Aflatoxins on Human Health
5.2.4 Legumes and Rhizobial Technology
5.2.5 Increasing Benefits and Scale of the Legume Technology
5.3 HARNESSING MYCORRHIZAL BENEFITS IN DEGRADED SOILS
5.4 ECONOMICS OF LEGUMES FOR EXTREMES OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE
5.5 GAPS IN FUTURE RESEARCH
6 - Reducing Risk of Weed Infestation and Labor Burden of Weed Management in Cropping Systems
6.2 WEED–CROP INTERACTIONS ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WEED DISTRIBUTION
6.3.3 Increased CO2 Emission
6.3.5 Tillage and Implements
6.3.7 Mulching/Ground Cover
6.4 WEED MANAGEMENT IN SMALLHOLDER CROPPING SYSTEMS
6.4.1 Cassava-Based Cropping System
6.4.2 Maize-Based Cropping System
6.4.3 Rice-Based Cropping System
6.4.4 Sorghum-Based Cropping System
6.5 YIELD GAINS FROM APPROPRIATE WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
6.6 RESEARCH GAPS AND NEW APPROACHES
6.6.1 Climate Change Scenarios
6.6.2 Weed Biology and Ecology
6.6.3 Development of Herbicide Resistance
6.6.4 Development of Climate Smart Weed Management Technology
6.6.5 Analysis of Plant Protection System
6.6.6 Relevance of Weed Management to Scale of Farm Operation
6.6.7 Breeding for Suppression of Weeds
6.6.8 Combined Weed Management Practices
6.6.9 Interference in Crop–Weed Relations
7 - Opportunities for Smallholder Farmers to Benefit From Conservation Agricultural Practices
7.2 CA STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
7.2.3 Soil Water and Nutrient Synergy
7.2.4 Constraints to CA Adoption
7.2.5 Lack of Access to Complementary Farm Inputs and an Enabling Environment
7.3 THE MINIMUM INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS
7.4 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY
8 - The Use of Integrated Research for Development in Promoting Climate Smart Technologies, the Process and Practice
8.1 WHAT IS INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT?
8.1.2 Roles and Interventions
8.2 COMPONENTS OF IAR4D ACTION RESEARCH USING PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND EXTENSION APPROACHES
8.2.1 Partnerships and Innovation Platforms for Crop Value Chains
8.3 IMPLEMENTING IAR4D: THE CASE OF ESTABLISHING CASSAVA INNOVATION PLATFORMS IN ZAMBIA AND MALAWI
8.3.1 Experiences From Zambia
8.3.2 Lessons From Innovation Platforms
8.3.3 Experiences From Malawi
8.4 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF IAR4D AND IPS
8.5 LESSONS LEARNED FOR SCALING UP
9 - Taking to Scale Adaptable Climate Smart Technologies
9.1 WHAT DOES TAKING TO SCALE MEAN?
9.2 THE EVOLUTION OF EXTENSION APPROACHES
9.3 PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND EXTENSION APPROACHES
9.4 WORKING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THEIR NETWORKS
9.5 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
10 - Food Processing Technologies and Value Addition for Improved Food Safety and Security
10.2 FOOD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERN FOOD INDUSTRIES
10.3 MODERN FOOD INDUSTRIES ARE DEPENDENT ON ENERGY AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
10.4 CLIMATE-SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FOOD INDUSTRIES
10.5 CLIMATE-SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD PROCESSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
10.6 CLIMATE-SMART TECHNOLOGY’S ENHANCEMENT OF FOOD VALUE CHAIN AND MARKET LINKAGES WITHIN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES
11 - Models Supporting the Engagement of the Youth in Smart Agricultural Enterprises
11.2 THE MAGNITUDE OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG RURAL AND URBAN YOUTHS
11.3 REGIONAL CONTEXT AND THE COMMON PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTED ACROSS COUNTRIES
11.3.1 Recent Initiatives
11.3.2 Employment-Related Policies
11.4 IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES AND EMPOWERING YOUTH: RESPONDING TO DRIVERS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT
11.5 DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES FOR ENGAGING YOUTHS IN SMART AGRICULTURE
11.6 USE OF KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO GENERATE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
11.7 MODELING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
11.7.1 Operationalizing the Models
12 - Enabling Agricultural Transformation Through Climate Change Policy Engagement
12.2 CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION
12.3 ADOPTION OF KEY AFRICAN CLIMATE SOLUTIONS AND MAINSTREAMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN NATIONAL POLICIES
12.3.1 Adoption of Climate Change Policies in Individual Countries
12.4 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE VULNERABLE GROUPS AND THEIR PREPAREDNESS (ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE MEASURES)
13 - Integrated Assessment of Crop–Livestock Production Systems Beyond Biophysical Methods: Role of Systems Simulation Models
13.2.2 Integrated Assessment
13.2.3 Crop Model Description and Parameterization
13.2.4 Livestock Model Description and Parameterization
13.2.6 Stakeholder Engagement
13.2.7 Climate Data and Crop–Livestock management
13.3.1 Sensitivity of Current Crop–Livestock Production Systems to Climate Change and Impacts of Adaptation
13.3.2 Sensitivity of Current Livestock Production Systems to Climate Change and Impacts of Adaptation
13.3.3 Vulnerability and Benefits From Climate Change Adaptation
13.4.1 Temperature and Rainfall Variability
13.4.2 Herd Sizes and Soil Fertility Management
14 - Adaptive Livestock Production Models for Rural Livelihoods Transformation
14.1.1 Mindsets Have to Shift Toward Commercialization
14.2 LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT IN A CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
14.2.1 Livestock–Crop Interactions
14.2.2 Manure as a Key Resource in Crop–Livestock Systems
14.2.3 Manure Emissions and Pollution
14.2.3.1 Management of (In)breeding in Livestock Production Systems
14.2.3.2 Development of Livestock Markets Under Fragmented Livestock Marketing Environments
15 - Delivering Integrated Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies for Wider Utilization in Southern Africa
15.2 LINKING SMART TECHNOLOGIES
15.2.2 Postgraduate Degree Training
15.3 RETHINKING ORGANIZING VALUE CHAIN ACTORS FOR EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
15.4 TARGETING THE MARGINAL GROUP USING FRIENDLY POLICIES
Smart Technologies for Sustainable Smallholder Agriculture
：Upscaling in Developing Countries
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