Chapter
2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES
2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED
2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY
2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS
2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS
3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION
3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation
3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation
3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy
3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition
3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004)
3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH
3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION
3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth
3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE
3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method
3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method
3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method
3.6.2.4 Predictor–Corrector Method
4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS
4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA
4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES
4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique
4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL
4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN–KENDALL TEST
4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE
4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE
4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE
4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA
4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD
4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL–RUNOFF MODELING
4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL
4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB
4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance
4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance
4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff
4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL
4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation
4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting
4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration
4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing
4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation
4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE
4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD
4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method
4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method
4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method
4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978)
4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY
4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD
4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph
4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph
4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH
4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph
4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution
4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH
4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition
4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method
4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD
4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method
4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC
4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model
4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model
4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc
4.7.3.1.1.2 Time–Area (TA) Diagram
4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM
4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve
4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K
4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model
4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation
4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis
4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR
4.8.2 AREA–ELEVATION AND CAPACITY–ELEVATION CURVES
4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY
4.8.3.1 Flow–Mass Curve Analysis
4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm
4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure
4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure
4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION
4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy
4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE
4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA
4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data
4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield
4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR
4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method
4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method
4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method
4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR
4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution
4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method
4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method
5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION
5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD
6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS
6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES
6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT
6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS
6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP
6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL
6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR
6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC)
6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA)
6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA
6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY
6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND
6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD
6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD
6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY
7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS
7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY
7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS
7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION
7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY
7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH
7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY
7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL
7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL
8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION
8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS
8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET
8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING
8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS
8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course
8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet
8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules
8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET
9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL
9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT
9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY
9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING
9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING
9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT
9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL
10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION
10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD
10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION
10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION
10.4.1.3 Irrigation Depth
10.5 LAYOUT OF BORDER IRRIGATION
11 - OPTIMAL CROPPING PATTERN
11.2 LP FORMULATION FOR OPTIMAL CROP PLANNING
11.3 LP-BASED CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
11.3.1 DECISION VARIABLES
11.3.2 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
11.3.3.1 Water Availability Constraint
11.3.3.2 Land Availability Constraint
11.3.3.3 Crop Area Limits
11.3.3.4 Surface Water–Resources Constraint
11.3.3.5 Groundwater Resources Constraint
12 - IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
12.1 SIMPLE CALCULATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING (FAO, 1989)
12.2 WATER BALANCE METHOD
12.2.1 SOIL MOISTURE TERMINOLOGY
12.2.3 ESTIMATION OF CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETC)
12.2.4 ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE RAINFALL
12.2.4.1 The SCS-CN Method
12.2.5 UPWARD FLUX OF WATER TO THE ROOT ZONE DEPTH OR CAPILLARY RISE (U)
12.2.6 SOFTWARE FOR IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
12.3 WARABANDI SCHEDULING
12.3.1 DEFINITION OF WARABANDI/BARABANDI
12.3.2 INDICATORS OF GOOD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
12.3.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION METHODS
12.3.4 ENFORCEMENT IN WARABANDI
12.3.5 SYSTEMS OF WARABANDI
12.3.6 FORMS OF WARABANDI
12.4 PROCESS OF WARABANDI
12.4.1 DATA REQUIREMENT FOR WARABANDI ROASTER
12.4.2 FORMULATION OF WARABANDI SCHEDULE
13 - BENCHMARKING OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
13.1 BENCHMARKING DOMAINS
13.2 BENCHMARKING PROCESS
13.3 DATA REQUIRED FOR BENCHMARKING
13.4 INDICATORS OF BENCHMARKING
13.5 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR INDICATORS
14 - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
14.1 SYSTEM DELIVERY PERFORMANCE
14.1.1 TOTAL ANNUAL VOLUME OF IRRIGATION SUPPLY
14.1.2 RESERVOIR EFFICIENCY
14.1.3 TOTAL ANNUAL VOLUME OF WATER SUPPLY
14.1.3.1 Estimation of Groundwater Use
14.1.3.2 Estimation of Effective Rainfall
14.1.4 ANNUAL IRRIGATION SUPPLY PER UNIT CCA
14.1.5 ANNUAL IRRIGATION SUPPLY PER UNIT IRRIGATED AREA
14.1.6 ANNUAL ACTUAL DUTY AND RELATIVE DUTY
14.1.7 ANNUAL RELATIVE POTENTIAL UTILIZATION
14.1.8 INDICES FOR RELATIVE WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION SUPPLY
14.1.8.1 Relative Water Supply
14.1.8.2 Relative Irrigation Supply
14.1.8.3 Water Use Efficiency
14.1.8.4 Water Delivery Capacity
14.2 PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
14.2.1 PRODUCTION RELATIVE TO AREA
14.2.1.1 Production per Unit CCA
14.2.1.2 Production per Unit ICA
14.2.1.3 Production per Unit Actual Irrigated Area
14.2.2 PRODUCTION RELATIVE TO WATER USE
14.2.2.1 Production per Unit Irrigation Supply
14.2.2.2 Production per Unit Water Supply
14.2.2.3 Production per Unit CWR
14.3 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
14.3.2 COST RECOVERY RATIO
14.3.3 MOM COST PER UNIT AREA
14.3.4 REVENUE COLLECTION PERFORMANCE
14.3.5 STAFFING PER UNIT AREA
14.3.6 REVENUE PER UNIT VOLUME OF IRRIGATION SUPPLY
14.3.7 TOTAL MOM COST PER UNIT VOLUME OF IRRIGATION SUPPLY
15 - WATER AUDITING OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
15.1 DEFINITION OF WATER AUDITING
15.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF WATER AUDITING
15.2 DATA COLLECTION FOR WATER AUDITING
15.3 INDICATORS OF WATER AUDIT
15.4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INDICATORS
15.5 ESTIMATION OF WATER AUDITING INDICATORS
15.5.1 WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE RESERVOIR
15.5.3 PERCENTAGE OF BALANCED UNUTILIZED WATER TO LIVE STORAGE
15.5.4 PERCENTAGE OF PLANNED AND ACTUAL NONIRRIGATION USE
15.5.5 PERCENTAGE OF ACTUAL EVAPORATION TO LIVE STORAGE
15.5.6 TARGET TO ACHIEVED IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
15.5.7 IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
16 - FLOW MEASUREMENT IN CANALS
16.1 FLOW MEASURING STRUCTURES
16.1.2 BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
16.1.3 SLUICE GATE WITH BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
16.1.4 SHARP-CRESTED WEIR
16.1.5 UNCONTROLLED OGEE SPILLWAYS OR WEIR
16.1.6 GATE-CONTROLLED OGEE SPILLWAYS OR WEIR
16.2 AREA–VELOCITY METHOD
16.2.1 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY
16.2.1.1 Velocity Measurement Using Current Meter
16.2.1.1.1 Vertical Axis Type or Price Current Meter (Figs. 16.14 and 16.15)
16.2.1.1.2 Propeller Type or Horizontal Axis Current Meter (Fig. 16.16)
16.2.1.2 Velocity Measurement Using Float Method
16.2.1.3 Side-Mounted Doppler Flow Meter
16.2.1.4 Velocity Measurement Using Flow Tracker
16.2.2 ESTIMATION OF DISCHARGE
17.1 SOIL AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
17.1.4 OTHER PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
17.1.4.2 Particle Density
17.1.4.4 Relationship Between Porosity (ϕ), Bulk Density (ρb), and Particle Density (ρs)
17.1.4.5 Relationship Between Porosity (ϕ) and Void Ratio (e)
17.1.4.6 Water Holding Capacity and Drainability
17.2 SOIL-WATER CONSTANTS
17.2.2 SATURATION CAPACITY
17.2.3 PERMANENT WILTING POINT
17.2.4 AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY
17.2.5 PRESENTLY AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE
17.2.6 DEPLETION OF AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE
17.3 PROTOCOL FOR SOIL MOISTURE ANALYSIS USING GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
17.3.1 PROTOCOL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF SOIL
17.3.2 PROTOCOL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS WATER CONSTANTS
17.4 MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE AT FIELD
18 - SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
18.1 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
18.2 FIELD APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA)
18.2.1 ESTIMATION OF WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EC)
18.3 CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC)
18.3.1 ESTIMATION OF SEEPAGE LOSS
18.3.1.1 Ponding Method for Estimation of Seepage Losses
18.3.1.2 Inflow–Outflow Method for Estimation of Seepage Losses
18.3.2 ESTIMATION OF CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY OF WATER COURSE, EC,WC
18.3.3 ESTIMATION OF CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY OF MAIN OR DISTRIBUTARY CANALS, EC,MC
18.3.4 ESTIMATION OF CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEM
19 - ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
19.1 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES
19.1.1 FOOD CHAIN AND TRANSFER OF ENERGY
19.1.2 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
19.1.3 SURVIVAL AND SUCCESSION
19.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
19.3.1 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED
19.3.1.1 River Environment
19.3.1.2 Land Environment
19.3.1.3 Natural Environment
19.3.1.4 Social Environment
19.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
19.4.1 IMPACT ON HYDROLOGY
19.4.2 IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY
19.4.4 IMPACT ON SALINITY
19.4.5 IMPACT ON SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION
19.4.7 IMPACT ON SOCIOECONOMICS
19.4.8 GENERAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT
19.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
19.5.1 FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
19.5.2 MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS
19.5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS
19.5.5 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
19.6.1 STATUS IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
19.6.2 LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN INDIA
19.7 CLEARANCES REQUIRED FOR RIVER VALLEY OR IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN INDIA
19.7.1 CLEARANCE FROM WATER RESOURCES AUTHORITIES
19.7.2 CLEARANCE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATIONAL AUTHORITIES
20 - FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
20.1 BENEFITS AND COSTS OF THE PROJECT
20.1.1 FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS INVOLVED IN THE IRRIGATION PROJECTS
20.1.2 TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE COSTS AND BENEFITS
20.2 BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS
20.3 APPRAISAL OF THE PROJECT
20.3.1 IRRIGATION COMMISSION'S (IC, 1972) BENEFIT–COST RATIO
20.3.3 BENEFIT–COST RATIO OF PRESENT VALUES
20.3.4 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
20.3.6 CASH FLOW ANALYSIS AND BENEFIT–COST RATIO
21 - WAY FORWARD TO IMPROVE IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
21.1 FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE SYSTEM TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY
21.2 FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY
21.3 FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY
21.4 FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY
A.1 UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
A.2 (A) GUIDELINES FOR INTERPRETATIONS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR IRRIGATION (11FAO (1994). WATER QUALITY FOR AGRICULTURE. ...
(B) USUAL RANGE OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR IRRIGATION (22FAO (1994). WATER QUALITY FOR AGRICULTURE. FAO IRRIGATION AND ...
A.3 FORTRAN PROGRAM FOR MANN–KENDAL TEST
A.4 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING THE DESIGN FLOODS (3CBIP, 1989)
A.5 COMPUTATION OF DESIGN FLOOD FOR MEDIUM TO SMALL IRRIGATION PROJECT: UNIT HYDROGRAPH TECHNIQUE
A.6 COMPUTATION OF DESIGN FLOOD FOR MICROIRRIGATION PROJECTS: SCS-CN METHOD
A.7 COMPUTATION OF DESIGN FLOOD: STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION USED IN FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
2. LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
3. TWO-PARAMETER GAMMA DISTRIBUTION
4. PEARSON (3) DISTRIBUTION
5. LOG-PEARSON (3) DISTRIBUTION
6. EXTREME VALUE TYPE I DISTRIBUTION (GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION)
7. GENERALIZED EXTREME VALUE DISTRIBUTION
A.8 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICES (SCS)–CURVE NUMBER (CN) VALUES (66SCS (1985). NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION 4: HYDROLOGY ...
HYDROLOGICAL SOIL GROUP (SCS, 1985)
DESCRIPTION OF HYDROLOGIC GROUPS (SCS, 1985)
DESCRIPTION OF HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS (SCS, 1985)
DESCRIPTION OF ANTECEDENT MOISTURE CONDITIONS (SCS, 1985)
A.9 GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR EMBANKMENT SECTIONS (77IS 12169 (1987). CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF SMALL EMBANKMENT DAM. BUREAU OF INDIAN ...
A.10 10-DAILY CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR MAJOR CROPS OF RABI AND KHARIF SEASONS (DIMENSIONLESS)
A.11 FIELD CAPACITY AND PERMANENT WILTING POINT
A.12 VALUES OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFICIT AND ROOT DEPTH OF CROPS
A.13 APPROXIMATE NET IRRIGATION DEPTH APPLIED PER IRRIGATION (MM)
A.14 RECOMMENDED VALUE OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION RATE
Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects
：Methods and Implementation
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