Front Cover

Advances in Virus Research

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Chapter One: Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses: Knowns and Unknowns

1. Introduction

2. Known Highly Lethal Emergent Paramyxoviruses: Nipah Virus and Hendra Virus

2.1. Hendra Virus

2.2. Nipah Virus

2.3. Broad Geographic Distribution of Potentially Zoonotic Henipaviruses

3. Unknown Zoonotic Potential of Paramyxoviruses

3.1. Diversity of Novel Enzootic Paramyxoviruses

3.2. Human Infection by Zoonotic Rubula-Like Viruses

3.3. Zoonotic Transmission of Morbilliviruses

4. Ecological Factors Driving Zoonotic Paramyxovirus Emergence

4.1. Viral Prevalence and Diversity in Reservoir Hosts

4.2. Frequency and Nature of Human-Animal Contacts

4.3. Known Risk Factors: Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus

4.4. Observed Trends With Unknown Driving Factors

5. Virus-Host Molecular Interactions Affecting Paramyxovirus Emergence

5.1. Successful Emergence Requires Host-Specific Interactions

5.1.1. Effects of Receptor Specificity on Species and Tissue Tropism

5.1.2. Use of SA as a Paramyxovirus Receptor

5.1.3. Paramyxoviruses That Use Protein-Based Receptors

5.1.4. Contribution of Host Conservation of Paramyxovirus Receptors to Spillover Risk

5.1.5. Postentry Essential Host Factors That Are Species-Specific Are Not Yet Known

5.1.6. Antagonism of Innate Immune Responses Is Known to Be Key to Successful Infection

5.2. Unknown Connection Between Emergence and Pathogenicity

5.3. Preexisting Immunity May Restrict Emergence

6. Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Two: Metabolomics: Strategies to Define the Role of Metabolism in Virus Infection and Pathogenesis

1. Introduction

2. Metabolomics Analytical Strategy and Study Design

2.1. Instruments and Analytical Methods for Metabolomics

2.2. Strategies for Statistical and Pathway Analysis

2.3. Metabolic Pathway Interrogation, Validation, and Hypothesis Testing

3. Using Metabolomics to Characterize Viral Infections

3.1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

3.1.1. Early Application of Metabolomics to HIV/SIV

3.1.2. Profiling Human Body Fluids

3.1.3. Cell Culture Studies

3.2. Hepatitis B Virus

3.3. Hepatitis C Virus

3.4. Influenza

3.5. Dengue Virus

3.6. Herpesviruses

4. Metabolomics to Discover Target Networks for Broad Spectrum Antivirals

5. Conclusions and Future Trends

References

Chapter Three: The Envelope Proteins of the Bunyavirales

1. Introduction

2. Bunyavirus Entry Into Cells

3. Bunyavirus Gc Is a Class II Fusion Protein

3.1. Phlebovirus Gc

3.2. Hantavirus Gc (hGc)

4. The Target Membrane-Interacting Region

5. pH-Sensing Mechanisms

6. Lipid Sensing

7. The Stem Region

8. Newly Identified pGc-Like Envelope Proteins

9. Projections for Gc From Other Members of the Bunyavirales Order

10. Hantavirus Gn Is Homologous to Alphavirus E2

11. Discussion

References

Chapter Four: Insect-Specific Viruses: A Historical Overview and Recent Developments

1. Introduction

2. Background

2.1. Discovery and Brief History

2.2. Evolution of ISVs

2.3. Maintenance in Nature

2.4. Impact of ISVs on Experimental Studies-In Vitro and Lab Colonies

3. Biological Characteristics of Value

3.1. Superinfection Exclusion

3.2. Host Restriction

4. Specific Viral Families

4.1. Flaviviridae

4.1.1. Cell Fusing Agent Virus

4.1.2. Culex flavivirus

4.1.3. Kamiti River Virus

4.1.4. Aedes flavivirus

4.2. Reoviridae

4.2.1. Fako Virus

4.3. Togaviridae

4.3.1. Eilat Virus

4.4. Bunyaviridae

4.4.1. Badu Virus

4.5. Mesoniviridae

4.6. Negeviruses

5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

5.1. The Use of ISVs as a Tool for Biological Control

5.2. Vaccine and Diagnostic Applications of ISVs

Acknowledgments

References

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