Chapter
1.2.1. Reflectors/mirrors
1.2.3. Collector and support structures
1.2.4. Heat transfer fluid
1.2.5. Flexible receiver connectors
1.2.6. Meteorological station
1.3. Main applications and markets
1.3.3.1. Drivers for cost reduction
1.4. Major test laboratories (infrastructure) for CSP component testing
Chapter 2: Principles of CSP performance assessment
2.1. Measurement parameters for performance assessment
2.1.1. Measurands and instrumentation for energy balancing
2.1.1.1. Fluid-bound properties
Surface/component temperature
2.1.1.5. Thermophysical properties of HTFs
2.1.2. System operation state
2.1.2.1. Availability and focusing
2.1.3. General aspects for performance relevant measurement equipment
2.1.4. Performance assessment
2.2. Solar resource assessment
2.2.1. Meteorological parameters relevant for CSP and their in-situ measurement
2.2.1.1. Solar irradiance-introduction
2.2.1.2. Irradiance measurements
2.2.1.3. Circumsolar radiation
2.2.1.4. Clouds and aerosols—basics
2.2.1.5. Additional meteorological parameters
2.2.2. Measurement best practices and quality control
2.2.3. Spatially resolved solar resource data sets
2.2.3.1. Satellite-derived data sets
2.2.3.2. Historical databases from NWP—the re-analysis option
2.2.4. Post-processing of satellite and re-analysis derived data sets
2.2.4.1. Post-processing techniques definition and classification
2.2.5. Typical meteorological years and exceedance values
2.2.5.1. Typical meteorological years
2.2.5.2. Stochastic assessment and probability of exceedance
2.2.6. Summary of solar resource assessment for CSP projects
2.3. Standardization activities for CSP performance assessment
Part One: CSP component performance
3.2. Fundamentals of concentrating optics and processes in solar mirrors
3.2.1. Interaction between radiation and mirror
3.2.2. Reflectance definitions
3.2.2.1. Specular reflectance
3.2.2.2. Diffuse reflectance
3.2.2.3. Hemispherical reflectance
3.2.2.5. Spectral reflectance
3.2.2.6. Solar reflectance
3.2.3. Geometry definitions
3.3. Materials and configurations
3.3.1. Second-surface mirrors
3.3.1.1. Silvered thick-glass mirrors
3.3.1.2. Silvered thin-glass mirrors
3.3.1.3. Laminated silvered glass mirrors
3.3.2. First-surface mirrors
3.3.2.1. Aluminum mirrors
3.3.2.2. Silvered polymer film mirrors
3.4. Measurement and assessment
3.4.1. Optical efficiency
3.4.1.1. Reflectance measurement
3.4.1.2. Soiling evaluation
3.4.1.3. Durability assessment
3.4.2. Geometrical quality
3.4.2.1. 3D measurement with photogrammetry
3.4.2.2. Slope measurement with deflectometry
3.4.2.3. Slope measurement with laser reflection scanning
4.1. Introduction to receiver types and design, performance parameters, impact on overall system
4.2. Measurement of optical parameters on small samples
4.3. Nondestructive heat loss measurement in the laboratory
4.4. Optical performance measurement in the laboratory
Part Two: CSP system performance
Chapter 5: System performance measurements
5.1.1. Unique characteristics of solar power plant performance
5.1.2. Losses during energy conversion
5.2. Optical assessment tools for solar systems
5.2.1. Geometrical parameters determining the optical performance
5.2.1.2. Receiver position
5.2.1.3. Tracking deviation
5.2.1.4. Deformation under operational loads
5.2.2. Methods to measure concentrator geometry and optical performance
5.2.2.1. Methods to measure concentrator slope
5.2.2.2. Methods to measure concentrator shape
5.2.2.3. Methods to measure tracking deviation
5.2.2.4. Assessment of mechanical properties and deformations under operational loads
5.2.2.6. Flux density measurement
5.2.3. Application examples
Photogrammetric shape and deformation measurement of heliostats
Heliostat shape characterization with laser radar
Deflectometric measurement system for heliostat fields
Heliostat beam characterization and tracking error by flux measurement
Flux density measurement on receiver aperture plane by moving bar
5.2.3.2. Parabolic trough collectors
5.3. Performance assessment of power and energy
5.3.1. Solar power plant performance characteristics
5.3.1.1. Illustration of input energy variations by season and time of day
5.3.1.2. Impact of variations on solar thermal and electricity test results
5.3.2. Overview of typical tests
5.3.3. Application of performance model
5.3.4. Description of tests
5.3.4.1. Short-term steady-state tests
5.3.4.2. Multiday production test
5.3.5. Solar system performance
5.3.5.1. Description of boundaries of the solar system
5.3.5.2. Solar system thermal calculations
5.3.5.4. Measurement uncertainty in solar system testing
5.3.5.5. Example of thermal efficiency results
5.3.6. Total plant performance
5.3.6.1. Description of system boundaries
Gross and net electrical power output Pel
Solar-to-electric efficiency ηel
Electric energy output Eel
5.3.6.3. Conduction and evaluation of tests
5.3.6.4. Example plant performance data
5.3.6.5. Electrical test considerations
5.3.7. Codes and standards
5.3.7.1. NREL performance acceptance guidelines
5.3.7.2. AENOR UNE 206010
Part Three: Performance degradation and durability of CSP components
Chapter 6: Assessment of durability and accelerated aging methodology of solar reflectors
6.2. Outdoor testing for yield of reference data
6.2.2. Monitoring of climatic parameters
6.2.3. Analysis methods of degradation processes
6.2.3.1. Microscopic analysis
6.2.3.2. Optical analysis
6.3. Standards for accelerated aging
6.3.1. Accelerated aging tests
6.3.1.1. Damp heat test IEC 62108 (10.7a, b), or IEC 61215 (10.13)
6.3.1.2. Condensation test ISO 6270-2
6.3.1.3. UV and humidity test ISO 16474-3
6.3.1.4. Neutral salt spray (NSS) test ISO 9227
6.3.1.5. Copper accelerated salt spray (CASS) test ISO 9227
6.3.1.6. Kesternich test DIN 50018 or ISO 6988
6.3.1.7. Thermal cycling test IEC 61215 (10.11) or IEC 62108 (10.6)
6.3.1.8. Combined thermal cycling and humidity test
6.3.1.9. Humidity freeze test IEC 62108 (10.8)
6.3.1.10. Abrasion and erosion tests
6.3.1.11. Corrosive gases tests
6.3.1.12. Testing programs
6.4. Correlating accelerated aging tests with outdoor tests
6.4.2. Exemplary results: Accelerated aging methodology for aluminum reflectors
6.4.3. Exemplary results: Accelerated erosion testing
6.4.3.1. Field data about sandstorms
6.4.3.2. Accelerated erosion setups for laboratory experiments
Part Four: Methods and instruments under development
Chapter 7: New methods and instruments for performance and durability assessment
7.1. Component performance
7.1.1. Outdoor testing of receiver solar absorptance
7.1.2. Measurement of receiver heat loss in the solar field
7.1.3. Measurement of performance of receiver selective coatings
7.1.3.1. Coated absorber tube or a coated sample without glass envelope
7.1.3.2. Whole receiver with glass envelope
7.1.4. Testing of rotation and expansion performing assemblies
7.1.5. Heliostat performance testing
7.2.1. Solar tower flux density distribution and input power measurement
7.2.1.1. Digital camera using external receiver surface, without target
7.2.1.2. Sensors scanning the aperture plane
7.2.1.3. Sensors mounted in the receiver or aperture plane
7.2.1.4. Focus scanning over a stationary stripe-shaped target and digital camera
7.2.1.5. Simulations supported by measurements
7.2.2. Dynamic performance and acceptance testing of line-concentrating collectors
7.2.3. Airborne measurement of optical system performance
7.2.4. Rotating platforms for line-focusing collectors
7.3. Durability assessment
7.3.1. Overheating and thermal cycling of parabolic trough receivers
7.3.2. Durability testing of glass-to-metal seal and bellow of parabolic trough receivers
7.3.3. Durability testing of receiver materials for solar towers
7.3.3.1. Durability testing of volumetric silicon carbide receivers of solar towers
7.3.3.2. Durability testing of coatings for tubular receivers
7.4. New guidelines and standards under development
Chapter 8: Methods to provide meteorological forecasts for optimum CSP system operations
8.1.1. Meteorological definitions
8.1.2. Forecast verification
8.2. Forecasting irradiances
8.2.1.2. Radiative transfer, clouds, and aerosols
8.2.1.3. Operational considerations on NWP
8.2.2.1. Splitting GHI in DNI if only GHI is forecasted
8.2.2.2. Converting direct horizontal irradiances into DNI
8.2.2.3. Temporal and spatial interpolation
8.2.2.4. Postprocessing based on ground observations
8.2.3. NWP-based DNI forecast accuracies
8.3. Nowcasting irradiances
8.3.1. Statistical models
8.4.2. Assimilating cloud information
8.4.3. Including explicit modeling of aerosols
The Performance of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems
：Analysis, Measurement and Assessment
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